A history of gender in America : essays, documents, and articles / Sylvia D. Hoffert.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Hoffert, Sylvia D.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Sex role--United States--History.

Sex role.

Gender identity.

History.

Femininity.

Masculinity.

United States.

Sex role--United States--History--Sources.

Masculinity--United States--History.

Femininity--United States--History.

Gender identity--United States--History.

Genre:

Sources.

Physical Description:

xx, 556 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, [2003]

Summary:

This book summarizes what historians of gender have written and introduces readers to the most recent literature on the history of gender in the United States. Gender Identities in the English Colonies. Masculinity in the North and South. Femininity in the North and South. Gender and Work. Gender and Sport. For anyone who is interested in an in-depth discussion of American Gender Identities, how gender conventions change over time, and what factors have influenced those changes.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Gender As a Historical Category 1

What Is Sex? What Is Gender? 1

What Is Gendered about American History? 5

What Is Women's History? 6

What Is Gender History? 9

Why Is Gender History Important? 9

Part 1 Chronological History

Chapter 2 Gender Identities in the English Colonies (1600-1760) 12

Gender in a "New World" 12

Gender Identities in the Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century 15

Gender Identities in New England in the Seventeenth Century 19

The Nature of Gender Relations in the Eighteenth-Century Colonies 22

Document: Excerpts from Anne Bradstreet's "Prologue" to The Tenth Muse 26

Document: Benjamin Wadsworth, Excerpt from "About the Duties of Husbands and Wives" 28

Article: Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, "Vertuous Women Found: New England Ministerial Literature, 1668-1735" 29

Article: Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier" 41

Chapter 3 Gender Identities in the Age of Revolution and the Early Republic (1760-1820) 54

An Appeal from the Ladies 54

From Subject to Citizen 56

The Republican Man 58

Daughters of Columbia 59

The Gendered Identities of African Americans in the New Republic 63

The Gendered Identities of Native Americans in the New Republic 64

Document: Excerpts from Judith Sargent Murray's "Observations on Female Abilities" 66

Document: A Profligate Wife for the Independent Mechanic 69

Article: James Sidbury, Slave Artisans in Richmond, Virginia, 1780-1810 71

Chapter 4 Masculinity in the Nineteenth-Century North (1820-1890) 82

American Men and the Gospel of Success 82

The Patrician Definition of Manhood 84

Manhood in the Agrarian and Artisan Traditions 84

The Entrepreneurial, Middle-Class, Self-Made Man 86

Evangelical Manhood 88

Free Men of Color and Definitions of Manliness 89

The Civil War As a Test of Manliness 90

Manliness in the Gilded Age 92

The Challenge of Expressing Ideals of African-American Manhood 94

Manhood and the Immigrant Experience 94

Document: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "The Village Blacksmith" 97

Document: Charles Francis Adams, Jr., On Being a Soldier 99

Document: Excerpts from Russell Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds" Lecture 100

Article: James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, Violence, Protest, and Identity: Black Manhood in Antebellum America 102

Article: Judy Hilkey, Manhood Is Everything: The Masculinization and Democratization of Success 113

Chapter 5 Femininity in the Nineteenth-Century North (1820-1890) 124

American Women and the Cult of Domesticity 124

The Feminine Identities of Middle-Class Housewives 125

Ideals of Middle-Class Femininity and Their Consequences 127

The Feminine Identities of Single Women in the Middle Class 130

The Construction of Femininity among Working-Class Women 131

The Feminine Identities of Farm Women 134

Femininity and the Immigrant Woman 136

Document: Caricatures of Woman's Rights Advocates 138

Document: Lucy Larcom's "Unwedded" 142

Document: Excerpt from Bradwell v. Illinois 143

Article: Mary Kelley, At War with Herself: Harriet Beecher Stowe As Woman in Conflict within the Home 145

Article: Anne M. Boylan, Benevolence and Antislavery Activity among African American Women in New York and Boston, 1820-1840 156

Chapter 6 Masculinity in the Nineteenth-Century South (1820-1890) 167

Manhood in the American South 167

Southern Planters and the Masculine Ideal 168

Manliness among the Plain Folk of the South 170

Manliness and Free Men of Color 171

Manliness in the Slave Quarters 173

Manliness among Native Americans 174

The Civil War and Definitions of Masculinity in the South 174

Document: Excerpts from John Lyde Wilson's "The Code of Honor" 180

Document: Excerpt from Frederick Douglass' Autobiography 182

Document: Images of a Feminized Confederate President 186

Article: Lawrence W. Levine, "Some Go Up and Some Go Down": The Animal Trickster [and the Construction of African American Manliness in the Antebellum South] 189

Article: Steven M. Stowe, The "Touchiness" of the Gentleman Planter: The Sense of Esteem and Continuity in the Ante-Bellum South 195

Chapter 7 Femininity in the Nineteenth-Century South (1820-1890) 208

The Southern Woman in Myth and Legend 208

The Feminine Identities of Plantation Mistresses 209

The Feminine Identities of Yeomen Farm Women 211

The Feminine Identities of Free Women of Color before General Emancipation 212

The Construction of Femininity in the Slave Quarters 213

The Feminine Identities of Native American Women 215

The Impact of the Civil War on the Construction of Southern Womanhood 217

Document: Excerpts from Louisa S. McCord's "Woman and Her Needs" 223

Document: Excerpt from Elizabeth Keckley's Autobiography 225

Document: Characteristics of a Southern Lady 227

Article: Laura F. Edwards, "I Am My Own Woman and Will Do as I Please": Gender Roles in Poor African-American and Common White Households 229

Chapter 8 Gender Identities in the Trans-Mississippi West (1820-1890) 240

Gender, the Frontier, and Popular Imagination 240

Gender Identities among Anglo-Americans in the Trans-Mississippi West 241

Anglo Men and Women on the Trail Leading West 242

Gender Roles and Relations on Farms and Ranches 244

Gender Roles and Relations in Mining Towns 245

Gender Roles and Relations among the Mormons 247

Gender Identities among Native Americans in the Trans-Mississippi West 248

Gender Identities and Relations among Immigrants in the Trans-Mississippi West 251

Gender Identities and Relations in Mexican-American Communities 253

Document: Excerpts from the Memoir of a Cowboy 256

Document: Folk Songs about Life in the Trans-Mississippi West 258

Document: Excerpts from Richard Henry Dana's Memoir 261

Article: Sylvia D. Hoffert, Jane Grey Swisshelm and the Negotiation of Gender Roles on the Minnesota Frontier 263

Article: Janet Lecompte, The Independent Women of Hispanic New Mexico, 1821-1846 274

Chapter 9 The New Woman and the New Man at the Turn of the Century (1890-1920) 283

Men, Women, and the "Crisis" in Gender Identity 283

The Dilemmas Facing Middle-Class Men at the Turn of the Century 284

The Emergence of a New Middle-Class Man 286

A New Man for a New Century

Theodore Roosevelt as the Quintessential Man 289

A New Woman for a New Century 290

A New Version of Conventional Womanhood 291

Masculinity and Femininity in the Working Class 293

Gender and the Special Dilemma of Black Men and Women 295

Document: Excerpts from Theodore Roosevelt's "The Strenuous Life" 298

Document: Caroline Ticknor's "The Steel-Engraving Lady and the Gibson Girl" 300

Document: W. E. B. Dubois's New Year's Resolutions 304

Article: Peter G. Filene, In Time of War [The Construction of American Manhood in WWI] 305

Article: Joan Jacobs Brumberg, The Appetite As Voice [Women, the Body, and Feminine Identity at the Turn of the Century] 311

Chapter 10 Masculinity in the Twentieth Century (1920-1975) 320

New Men in a New Age 320

White Manhood and the Transition from Prosperity to Depression 322

World War II, the Cold War, and the Definition of Manliness 325

Manliness in the Age of Youthful Revolt 328

The Continuing Struggle to Redeem Black Manhood 330

Black Manliness during Depression and War 331

Black Manhood Redeemed 332

Document: Claude McKay's "If We Must Die" 336

Document: Robert Benchley's "The Vanishing Father" 336

Document: Martin Luther King, Jr., on Manliness and Passive Resistance 338

Article: Robert L. Griswold, The "Flabby American," the Body, and the Cold War 340

Article: Joshua B.

Freeman, Hardhats: Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations 347

Chapter 11 Femininity in the Twentieth Century (1920-1975) 360

The Housewife's Revolution 360

The Flapper and Her Challenge to Conventional Womanhood 361

The Persistence of the Domestic Ideal 363

World War II and Its Challenge to the Domestic Ideal 364

Femininity and the Post-War Backlash 367

The Continuing Challenge to the Cult of Domesticity 368

Black Womanhood and Definitions of Femininity 369

Femininity and Hispanic Womanhood 370

Second Wave Feminism and Its Impact on Definitions of Femininity 371

Resistance to the Feminist Vision 374

Document: Women Trying to Unravel the Mysteries of Motherhood 375

Document: Lundberg and Farnham's Critique of the American Housewife 377

Document: Radical Feminists Reject the Feminine Ideal 380

Article: Nancy Maclean, White Women and Klan Violence in the 1920s 382

Part 2 Topical History

Chapter 12 Gender, Identity, and Sexuality (1600-1975) 392

Questions of Gender/Sexual Identity 392

Gender and the Expression of Sexuality in American Society 394

What Qualifies As Sexual

Or What Is Sex Anyway? 394

Gender and Sexuality during the Colonial Period 395

Gender and Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century 398

Gender and Utopian Views of Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century 402

Gender and Same Sex Intimacy in the Nineteenth Century 402

Sexuality and Gender in the Twentieth Century 405

Document: William Acton on Female Passionlessness 408

Document: Femininity and Lesbianism in the WAVES 410

Document: Playboy Magazine on the Subject of Gender and Sexual Activity 414

Article: Katy Coyle and Nadiene Van Dyke, Sex, Smashing, and Storyville in Turn-of-the-Century New Orleans: Reexamining the Continuum of Lesbian Sexuality 416

Article: Kevin J. Mumford, "Lost Manhood" Found: Male Sexual Impotence and Victorian Culture in the United States 424

Chapter 13 Gender and Sport (1600-1975) 436

Babe and the Question of Gender 436

The Emergence of the Sportsman 438

Take Me Out to the Ballgame 439

The Moral Equivalent of War 441

Sport, Ethnicity, and Manliness 442

Sport, Race, and Manliness 444

Participation in Sport and the Feminine Ideal 445

Sports and the Cause of Equal Rights 450

Document: American Manliness and the College Regatta 452

Document: Femininity Transformed: Women Play Baseball 454

Article: Michael S. Kimmel, Baseball and the Reconstitution of Masculinity, 1880-1920 458

Article: Susan K. Cahn, From the "Muscle Moll" to the "Butch" Ballplayer: Mannishness, Lesbianism, and Homophobia in U.S. Women's Sport 466

Chapter 14 Gender and Violence (1600-1975) 478

Gender and the Question of Violence 478

The Gendered Nature of Interracial Violence 480

The Gendered Nature of Domestic Violence 484

The Gendered Nature of Murder and Rape 488

Document: The Ku Klux Klan and Violence During Reconstruction 492

Document: A Murder Case in 1880s Pittsburgh 495

Article: Elliott J. Gorn, "Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch": The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry 498

Article: Catherine Ross Nickerson, "The Deftness of Her Sex": Innocence, Guilt, and Gender in the Trial of Lizzie Borden 509

Chapter 15 Gender and Work (1600-1975) 523

The Gendered Nature of Labor 523

The Gendered Nature of Farm Labor 526

The Gendered Nature of Domestic Labor 527

The Gendered Nature of Work in Manufacturing, Food Processing, and the Needle Trades 529

The Gendered Nature of Clerical Work 533

The Law As a Gendered Profession 535

Document: The Problem with Lady Clerks 540

Document: Should Women Be Recruited to Work in America's Factories? 541

Article: Angel Kwolek-Folland, Gender, Self, and Work in the Life Insurance Industry, 1880-1930 542.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

0130122254

OCLC:

49760681