Criminological theories : understanding crime in America / James F. Anderson, Laronistine Dyson.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Anderson, James F.

Contributor:

Dyson, Laronistine.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Criminology--United States.

Criminology.

United States.

Crime--United States.

Crime.

Crime--United States--Sociological aspects.

Social structure--United States.

Social structure.

Physical Description:

xvii, 345 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm

Place of Publication:

Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, [2002]

Contents:

Introduction: The Crime Problem in America 1

Chapter 1 What is Theory 15

What is good theory? 16

What kinds of theories are there? 17

Levels of Explanation 18

The Classification of Theory 18

Theory-then-Research vs. Research-then-theory 19

How do criminologists conduct research? 20

Survey Research 21

Sampling 21

Longitudinal Research 22

Aggregate Data Research 22

Experimental Designs 23

Observational Research 24

Ethics in Criminological Research 24

Make Participation Voluntary 25

Never Injure Participants 25

Protect Anonymity and Confidentiality 27

Practice Full Disclosure 27

Ethics In Analyzing and Reporting Findings 28

Chapter 2 Measuring the Extent of Crime 31

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) 32

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) 39

Self-Report Surveys (SRSs) 40

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 43

The Comparability of the UCR, SRS, and NCVS 44

Neglected Areas of Crime 46

Chapter 3 Crime Victimizations 51

Why study crime victims? 52

Victimization Theories 53

Victim Precipitation Theory 53

Lifestyle Theory 54

Routine Activity Theory 55

Equivalent Group Hypothesis 55

Proximity Hypothesis 56

Helping Crime Victims 56

Explaining the Court Process 57

Strategies to Prevent Criminal Victimizations 61

Neighborhood Anti-Crime Campaigns for Self-Protection 62

Cleanup Programs 62

Partnerships with Law Enforcement 63

School Violence Prevention Programs 63

Controlling Gun Availability 64

Creating a Comprehensive Family Policy 64

Chapter 4 The Classical School of Thought 69

From Supersition to Philosophy 70

The Classical School on Crime and Punishment 75

A Critical Analysis of the Classical Period 77

Classical Theory Revisited in the 1970s 79

Chapter 5 The Positivistic School of Thought 85

From Philosophy to Science 86

The Positivistic School on Crime Causation 87

The Influence of Evolution on the Study of Crime 88

Crime and its Biological Nexus 90

Body Typologies 91

Chromosome Studies 92

Twin Studies: Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic 93

Adoption Studies 94

Neurochemical Mechanisms 94

Diet and Nutrition 95

Problems with Biological Research 95

In the Tradition of Psychological Positivism 98

Social Structure Theories 111

Chapter 6 The Chicago School 113

Social Forces Influencing Crime

Emile Durkheim Revisited 115

Toward a Social Ecology of Crime 116

The Five Concentric Circles 117

Culture Conflict 120

Symbolic Interaction 121

Social Disorganization and Cultural Transmission of Deviance 121

A Resurgence in Social Disorganiation Theory 124

Chapter 7 Anomie (Strain) Theory 131

From Durkheim's Anomie to Merton's Strain Theory 131

The American Dream and Classical Strain Theory 133

The Cause of Strain 137

Typology of the Modes of Individual Adaptation 138

A Reaction to Strain 140

General Strain Theory - Robert Agnew 142

Relative Deprivation Theory

Peter Blau and Judith Blau 143

Criticisms of Strain Theory 144

Chapter 8 Subculture Theories 151

What are Subcultures 151

Albert Cohen's Subculture of Delinquency 154

Categories of Subcultures that Emerge from Middle Class Rejection 156

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

Differential Opportunity Theory 157

Cloward and Ohlin's Gang Typology 159

Walter Miller

Focal Concerns 160

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti's Subcultures of Violence 163

Social Processing Theories 167

Chapter 9 Social Learning Theories 169

Toward a Social Processing Explanation 169

The Elements of Socialization 170

The Social Learning Tradition 173

Gabriel Tarde

Three Laws of Imitation 173

Edwin Sutherland

Differential Association Theory 173

Albert Bandura

Social Modeling Theory 176

Operant Learning Conditioning 177

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Six Principles of Operant Learning 177

C. Ray Jeffery

Differential Reinforcement Theory (Material) 178

Ronald Akers

Differential Reinforcement Theory (Environment) 179

Chapter 10 Social Control Theories 185

The Social Control Tradition 185

Emile Durkheim

Social Control Theory 188

Albert Reiss and Ivan Nye

Theories of Internal and External Controls 188

Walter Reckless

Containment Theory 189

Gresham Sykes and David Matza

Techniques of Neutralization and Drift 190

Travis Hirschi

Social Bonding Theory 191

Major Social Bonds Assuring Conformity 192

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi

Low Self-Control Theory 194

The Labeling Theory 201

Frank Tannenbaum

Social Tagging 204

Howard Becker

Social Audience and Deviance are in the Eyes of the Beholder 205

Harold Garfinkle

Lower Class People are Easier Targets 205

Leslie Wilkins

Amplification of Deviance 206

Edwin Lemert

Primary and Secondary Deviance 207

Everett Hughes and Howard Becker

Master Status and Retrospective Interpretation 207

Some Current Research on Labeling 208

The Negative Consequences of Labeling 209

Critique of the Labeling Theory 209

The Future of the Labeling Theory 210

Social Conflict Theories 215

Chapter 12 Conflict Theories 217

Admidst Civil Unrest 217

Events That Ignited a Revolution 219

General Conflict Theory 223

Marxist Criminology 225

Instrumental and Structural Marxism 226

Conflicting and Clashing Ideologies 226

Radical Criminology 228

The New Criminology 229

Left Realism 230

Peacemaking Criminology 231

The Phenomenological School 231

Feminist Criminology 232

Postmodern Criminology 234

Integrated Theory 241

Chapter 13 Theory Integration 243

What's New in Criminological Theory? 243

Towards Theory Integration 244

Early Attempts at Theory Integration 246

Proponents of Theory Integration 247

Opponents of Theory Integration 248

Side-by-Side (Horizontal) Integration 249

End-to-End (Sequential) Integration) 250

Up-and-Down Integration 250

Chapter 14 The Future of Criminological Theory 255.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN:

0761823352

0761823360

OCLC:

51491300