The agrarian question and reformism in Latin America / Alain de Janvry.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

De Janvry, Alain.

Series:

Johns Hopkins studies in development

Johns Hopkins studies in development.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Agriculture and state--Latin America.

Agriculture and state.

Latin America.

Land reform--Latin America.

Land reform.

Physical Description:

xvi, 311 pages ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press, [1981]

Summary:

The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America epitomizes the emerging tradition of conflict-oriented approaches to problems of economic, agricultural, and rural development in Third World nations. Drawing on firsthand observations of the agrarian crises in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and ten other Latin American nations, Alain de Janvry effectively blends Marxist theories of worldwide economic development with empirical analysis and policy recommendations.

De Janvry offers both a careful examination of the conditions of underdevelopment in Latin America and detailed discussions of the achievements and limits of technological change, land reform, integrated rural development, and basic-needs programs. The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America is written for both practitioners and academicians. Students of economic development will benefit especially from its intelligent explication of conflict-oriented theory and technique.

Contents:

Chapter 1. Laws of Motion in the Center-Periphery Structure: The Underlying Forces 7

Evolution of Thought on Unequal Development 9

The Dialectic Between Production and Circulation 23

Contradictions of Accumulation in Articulated Economies 26

Contradictions of Accumulation in Disarticulated Economies 32

Dependency, Class Structure, and Social Disarticulation 40

Market-Widening and Market-Deepening 45

Mechanisms of Surplus Transfer Between Center and Periphery 50

Industrial and Financial Imperialism 50

Surplus Transfer Through Trade 52

Unequal Exchange 53

Unequal Trade 54

Unequal Rewards in the Formation of International Prices 54

Accumulation in the Center-Periphery Structure and the Current Crisis 55

Chapter 2. Agrarian Crisis in Latin America: The Facts 61

Integration of Latin American Agriculture into the National and World Economies 61

Patterns of Growth and Stagnation 68

The Rise and Logic of Functional Dualism 81

The Contradictions of Functional Dualism 85

Chapter 3. Transformation of the Agrarian Structure and the Peasantry 94

The Nature and Future of the Peasantry 95

The Marxist Classics 96

Peasantry as a Specific Type of Economy 100

An Alternative Conceptualization of Peasants 102

Roads to the Development of Capitalism in Agriculture 106

Modes of Production, Social Classes, and Types of Farm Enterprises 109

A Typology of Farm Enterprises 109

Empirical Characterization of the Rural Class Structure 114

Dynamics of Class Differentiation 117

Empirical Characterization of Class Differentiation: Global Data 118

Empirical Characterization of Class Differentiation: Country Studies 123

Mexico 123

Colombia 131

Peru 136

Chapter 4. Disarticulated Accumulation and Agrarian Crisis 141

Prevalent Theses on the Food and Hunger Crisis 141

Neo-Malthusianism 142

Technological Determinism 143

Monetarist Thesis of Stagnation 144

Structuralist Thesis of Stagnation 146

Overconsumption: Austerity and Aid 148

Poverty: Employment and Nutrition Programs 149

Material Determinants of the Agrarian Crisis 151

The Contradiction Between Rent and Profit in the Transition to Capitalism 152

Cheap Food and Foreign Exchange: The Contradictions 157

Food Self-Sufficiency Versus Comparative Advantages 158

Cheap-Food Policies Versus Development of Capitalism in Agriculture 162

Technological Bias Toward Laborsaving 169

Use Versus Reproduction of the Peasantry as a Source of Cheap Food 172

The Global Crisis 174

The New World Order: A New International Division of Labor for Agriculture? 175

Chapter 5. The Political Economy of Reformism 182

The Capitalist State 183

The Petty Bourgeoisie and Legitimation 187

The Peripheral State 191

Reforms and the Management of Crises 193

The Limits of Reformism 195

Legitimacy Crisis of the State 196

Fiscal Crisis of the State 196

Administrative Crisis of the State 197

Agrarian Reformism in Latin America 197

Chapter 6. Types and Consequences of Land Reform 202

A Typology of Land Reforms 203

Redistributive Reforms 207

Transition from Precapitalist Mode to Junker Road 208

Transition from Precapitalist Mode to Farmer Road 209

Shift from Junker Road to Farmer Road 209

Transition from Junker Road to Precapitalist Mode 210

Transition from Farmer Road to Precapitalist Mode 210

Shift from Farmer Road to Junker Road 210

Consequences of Land Reforms 211

Observation I Market Expansion 211

Observation II Development of Capitalism in the Nonreform Sector 214

Observation III Political Stabilization Through the Reform Sector 218

Observation IV Functional Dualism 220

The End of Land Reform 221

Chapter 7. The Strategy of Integrated Rural Development 224

A Typology of Rural-Development Projects 224

Criteria for the Evaluation of Rural-Development Projects 231

Puebla-Type Rural-Development Projects 234

The Puebla Project 234

The Garcia Rovira Project 235

The Cajamarca Project 237

Economic Achievements of Rural-Development Projects 238

Structural Characteristics of the Peasant Economy That Condition Technological Change 239

Functional Dualism 239

Semiproletarianization 242

Labor Scarcity 246

Profitability and Risk 247

New Technologies for Peasant Agriculture 248

Effective Demand 249

Risk 250

Diffusion Strategy 250

Extension Model 250

Institutional Linkages 251

The Political Economy of Integrated Rural Development 252

Chapter 8. The Agrarian Question and Change in Latin America: Conclusions 255

Policy Proposals for Growth with Equity 255

Employment Creation 256

Integrated Rural Development 256

Redistribution with Growth and Basic Needs 256

New International Economic Order 257

Redistribution Before Growth 257

The Limits of Reformism 259

The Political Economy of Equitable Growth 264

1.1. Structure of an Articulated Economy 27

1.2. Structure of Disarticulated Export-Enclave Economies 32

1.3. Structure of Disarticulated Import-Substitution Industrialization Economies 33

1.4. Productivity of Labor and Real Wages in Manufacturing, United States and Brazil, 1966-74 35

1.5. Social Class Structure and Alliances 42

3.1. Social Classes and Types of Farm Enterprises in Latin America 110

3.2. Dynamic Process of Class Differentiation in Latin America 117

6.1. Typology of Land Reforms in Latin America 205

7.1. Types of Agrarian Reforms 225

1.1. Average Annual Growth Rates in Gross Domestic Product, Manufacturing, and Gross Fixed Capital Formation 19

1.2. Growth and Income Distribution, 1960-70 36

1.3. Share of Different Income Strata in Total Consumption, 1974, and Growth Rate of Production by Type of Commodity, 1967-68 to 1975-76 47

1.4. Mexico: Distribution of Income and Consumption in Urban Households, 1968 49

1.5. Flow of Funds Related to Direct U.S.

Investment, 1960-72 51

2.1. Agricultural Production in Latin America, Selected Years 69

2.2. Rate of Growth of Production by Commodity and Country, 1948-52 to 1968-72 72

2.3. Real Price Tendencies (Rate of Change per Year), 1950-70 74

2.4. Share of Large Farms in Total Production, and Mean Area Harvested per Farm, 1950-71 75

2.5. Share of Production Sold and Share of Labor Hired, by Crop 77

2.6. Grain Dependency: Share of Imports in Total Consumption, 1948-52 and 1968-72 78

2.7. Share of Selected Foods in the Urban Wage Basket, Selected Years and Countries 79

2.8. Share of Exports in Total Production, 1948-52 and 1968-72 80

3.1. Rural Social Classes in Latin America: Distribution of Households and Land 115

3.2. Dynamics of Land Tenure Systems: Initial and Terminal Percentages 119

3.3. Size of Farms Less Than 5 Hectares in Area for Eleven Central and South American Countries, 1950-70 122

3.4. Mexico: Hectares of Land Benefited by Major Federal Irrigation Projects as a Percentage of Total Hectares Cultivated, 1940-60 125

3.5. Mexico: Value Share of Agricultural Production, 1950 and 1960 126

3.6. Mexico: Distribution of Cultivated Area and Value Share of Production by Farm Size, 1940-70 127

3.7. Mexico: Average Area per Landholding, 1960 and 1970 128

3.8. Mexico: Number of Farms, Percentage of Farms, and Total Land Area in the Private Sector Controlled by Farms, by Farm Size, 1940-70 130

3.9. Colombia: Value Share of Total Production by Type of Crop, 1950-55 and 1971-76 133

3.10. Colombia: Land Area Cultivated, by Type of Crop, 1950-55 and 1971-76 134

3.11. Colombia: Land Distribution by Number and Size of Farm and by Total Area, 1960 and 1970 135

3.12. Peru: Distribution of Farms and Agricultural Land by Farm Size, 1960-70 139

4.1. Price of Nitrogen Relative to That of Wheat and Corn at the Producer Level in Latin America and Elsewhere 165

4.2. Wheat Yields and Relative Prices Received by Farmers, 1968-70 166

4.3. Comparison of Annual Rates of Change in Selected Economic Indicators in the United States, 1950-68 and 1968-77 177

6.1. Statistical Information on Land Reforms in Selected Latin American Countries, 1917-76 206

7.1. Puebla: Profitability of Farm Activities by Farm Type, 1970 241

7.2. Cajamarca, Puebla, and Garcia Rovira: Distribution of Farms by Farm Type, 1970-73 243

7.3. Cajamarca, Puebla, and Garcia Rovira: Sources of Net Household Income by Farm Type 244

7.4. Cajamarca: Sources of Net Household Income by Farm Type, 1973 245.

Notes:

Includes index.

Bibliography: pages 303-306.

ISBN:

0801825318

OCLC:

7464840