Video codec design : developing image and video compression systems / Iain E.G. Richardson.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Richardson, Iain E. G.

Contributor:

Sabin W. Colton, Jr., Memorial Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Digital video--Standards.

Digital video.

Video compression.

Coding theory.

Physical Description:

x, 303 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Chichester, West Sussex, England ; New York, NY : Wiley, [2002]

Summary:

Examination of critical design issues including transmission, Quality of Service and processing platforms.

A wealth of illustrations and practical examples, including quantitative comparisons of design alternatives. Video Codec Design provides communications engineers, system designers, researchers and technical managers with an essential handbook to image and video compression technology. The clear presentation and emphasis on real-life examples make this book an excellent teaching tool for computer science and electronic engineering instructors.

Contents:

1.1 Image and Video Compression 1

1.2 Video CODEC Design 2

2 Digital Video 5

2.2 Concepts, Capture and Display 5

2.2.1 The Video Image 5

2.2.2 Digital Video 5

2.2.3 Video Capture 7

2.2.4 Sampling 7

2.2.5 Display 9

2.3 Colour Spaces 10

2.3.1 RGB 11

2.3.2 YCrCb 12

2.4 The Human Visual System 16

2.5 Video Quality 16

2.5.1 Subjective Quality Measurement 17

2.5.2 Objective Quality Measurement 19

2.6 Standards for Representing Digital Video 23

2.7 Applications 24

2.7.1 Platforms 25

3 Image and Video Compression Fundamentals 27

3.1.1 Do We Need Compression? 27

3.2 Image and Video Compression 28

3.2.1 DPCM (Differential Pulse Code Modulation) 30

3.2.2 Transform Coding 31

3.2.3 Motion-compensated Prediction 31

3.2.4 Model-based Coding 32

3.3 Image CODEC 33

3.3.1 Transform Coding 33

3.3.2 Quantisation 35

3.3.3 Entropy Coding 37

3.3.4 Decoding 40

3.4 Video CODEC 41

3.4.1 Frame Differencing 42

3.4.2 Motion-compensated Prediction 43

3.4.3 Transform, Quantisation and Entropy Encoding 45

3.4.4 Decoding 45

4 Video Coding Standards: JPEG and MPEG 47

4.2 The International Standards Bodies 47

4.2.1 The Expert Groups 48

4.2.2 The Standardisation Process 50

4.2.3 Understanding and Using the Standards 50

4.3 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) 51

4.3.1 JPEG 51

4.3.2 Motion JPEG 56

4.3.3 JPEG-2000 56

4.4 MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) 58

4.4.1 MPEG-1 58

4.4.2 MPEG-2 64

4.4.3 MPEG-4 67

5 Video Coding Standards: H.261, H.263 and H.26L 79

5.2 H.261 80

5.3 H.263 80

5.3.1 Features 81

5.4 The H.263 Optional Modes/H.263+ 81

5.4.1 H.263 Profiles 86

5.5 H.26L 87

5.6 Performance of the Video Coding Standards 90

6 Motion Estimation and Compensation 93

6.2 Motion Estimation and Compensation 94

6.2.1 Requirements for Motion Estimation and Compensation 94

6.2.2 Block Matching 95

6.2.3 Minimising Difference Energy 97

6.3 Full Search Motion Estimation 99

6.4 Fast Search 102

6.4.1 Three-Step Search (TSS) 102

6.4.2 Logarithmic Search 103

6.4.3 Cross Search 104

6.4.4 One-at-a-Time Search 105

6.4.5 Nearest Neighbours Search 105

6.4.6 Hierarchical Search 107

6.5 Comparison of Motion Estimation Algorithms 109

6.6 Sub-Pixel Motion Estimation 111

6.7 Choice of Reference Frames 113

6.7.1 Forward Prediction 113

6.7.2 Backwards Prediction 113

6.7.3 Bidirectional Prediction 113

6.7.4 Multiple Reference Frames 114

6.8 Enhancements to the Motion Model 115

6.8.1 Vectors That can Point Outside the Reference Picture 115

6.8.2 Variable Block Sizes 115

6.8.3 Overlapped Block Motion Compensation (OBMC) 116

6.8.4 Complex Motion Models 116

6.9 Implementation 117

6.9.1 Software Implementations 117

6.9.2 Hardware Implementations 122

7 Transform Coding 127

7.2 Discrete Cosine Transform 127

7.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform 133

7.4 Fast Algorithms for the DCT 138

7.4.1 Separable Transforms 138

7.4.2 Flowgraph Algorithms 140

7.4.3 Distributed Algorithms 144

7.4.4 Other DCT Algorithms 145

7.5 Implementing the DCT 146

7.5.1 Software DCT 146

7.5.2 Hardware DCT 148

7.6 Quantisation 150

7.6.1 Types of Quantiser 152

7.6.2 Quantiser Design 153

7.6.3 Quantiser Implementation 156

7.6.4 Vector Quantisation 157

8 Entropy Coding 163

8.2 Data Symbols 164

8.2.1 Run-Level Coding 164

8.2.2 Other Symbols 167

8.3 Huffman Coding 169

8.3.1 'True' Huffman Coding 169

8.3.2 Modified Huffman Coding 174

8.3.3 Table Design 174

8.3.4 Entropy Coding Example 177

8.3.5 Variable Length Encoder Design 180

8.3.6 Variable Length Decoder Design 184

8.3.7 Dealing with Errors 186

8.4 Arithmetic Coding 188

8.4.1 Implementation Issues 191

9 Pre- and Post-processing 195

9.2 Pre-filtering 195

9.2.1 Camera Noise 196

9.2.2 Camera Movement 198

9.3 Post-filtering 199

9.3.1 Image Distortion 199

9.3.2 De-blocking Filters 206

9.3.3 De-ringing Filters 207

9.3.4 Error Concealment Filters 208

10 Rate, Distortion and Complexity 211

10.2 Bit Rate and Distortion 212

10.2.1 The Importance of Rate Control 212

10.2.2 Rate-Distortion Performance 215

10.2.3 The Rate-Distortion Problem 217

10.2.4 Practical Rate Control Methods 220

10.3 Computational Complexity 226

10.3.1 Computational Complexity and Video Quality 226

10.3.2 Variable Complexity Algorithms 228

10.3.3 Complexity-Rate Control 231

11 Transmission of Coded Video 235

11.2 Quality of Service Requirements and Constraints 235

11.2.1 QoS Requirements for Coded Video 235

11.2.2 Practical QoS Performance 239

11.2.3 Effect of QoS Constraints on Coded Video 241

11.3 Design for Optimum QoS 244

11.3.1 Bit Rate 244

11.3.2 Error Resilience 244

11.3.3 Delay 247

11.4 Transmission Scenarios 249

11.4.1 Digital Television Broadcasting: MPEG-2 Systems/Transport 249

11.4.2 Packet Video: H.323 Multimedia Conferencing 252

12 Platforms 257

12.2 General-purpose Processors 257

12.2.1 Capabilities 258

12.2.2 Multimedia Support 258

12.3 Digital Signal Processors 260

12.4 Embedded Processors 262

12.5 Media Processors 263

12.6 Video Signal Processors 264

12.7 Custom Hardware 266

12.8 Co-processors 267

13 Video CODEC Design 271

13.2 Video CODEC Interface 271

13.2.1 Video In/Out 271

13.2.2 Coded Data In/Out 274

13.2.3 Control Parameters 276

13.2.4 Status Parameters 277

13.3 Design of a Software CODEC 278

13.3.1 Design Goals 278

13.3.2 Specification and Partitioning 279

13.3.3 Designing the Functional Blocks 282

13.3.4 Improving Performance 283

13.3.5 Testing 284

13.4 Design of a Hardware CODEC 284

13.4.1 Design Goals 284

13.4.2 Specification and Partitioning 285

13.4.3 Designing the Functional Blocks 286

13.4.4 Testing 286

14 Future Developments 289

14.2 Standards Evolution 289

14.3 Video Coding Research 290

14.4 Platform Trends 290

14.5 Application Trends 291

14.6 Video CODEC Design 292.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (page [295]) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Sabin W. Colton, Jr., Memorial Fund.

ISBN:

0471485535

OCLC:

48754204