Nanoelectromechanics in engineering and biology / Michael Pycraft Hughes.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Hughes, Michael Pycraft, 1970-

Contributor:

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Series:

Nano- and microscience, engineering, technology, and medicine series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nanotechnology.

Biotechnology.

Biomedical engineering.

Physical Description:

322 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2003.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Movement from electricity 1

1.2 The promise of nanotechnology 3

1.3 Electrokinetics 5

1.4 Electrokinetics and nanoparticles 9

Chapter 2 Electrokinetics 15

2.1 The laws of electrostatics 15

2.2 Coulomb's law, electric field, and electrostatic potential 15

2.3 Gauss's, Laplace's, and Poisson's equations 19

2.4 Conductance and capacitance 21

2.4.1 Conductance and conductivity 21

2.4.2 Capacitance 23

2.4.3 Impedance 25

2.5 Polarization and dispersion 26

2.5.1 Dipoles and polarization 26

2.5.2 Complex permittivity 29

2.5.3 Dispersion and relaxation processes 30

2.5.3.1 Debye relaxation 30

2.5.3.2 The Maxwell-Wagner relaxation 33

2.6 Dielectric spheres in electric fields 35

2.7 Forces in field gradients: dielectrophoresis and electrorotation 39

2.7.1 Dielectrophoresis 39

2.7.2 Electrorotation 42

2.7.3 Electro-orientation 45

2.7.4 Dipole-dipole interactions: pearl chaining 46

2.7.5 Higher order multipoles 48

Chapter 3 Colloids and surfaces 51

3.2 The electrical double layer 51

3.3 The Gouy-Chapman model 52

3.4 The Stern layer 56

3.5 Particles in moving fluids 59

3.6 Colloids in electric fields 60

3.7 Electrode polarization and fluid flow 63

3.8 Other forces affecting colloidal particles 69

3.8.1 Viscous drag 69

3.8.2 Buoyancy 70

3.8.3 Brownian motion and diffusion 70

3.8.4 Colloidal interaction forces 72

Chapter 4 Analysis and manipulation of solid particles 75

4.1 Dielectrophoresis of homogeneous colloids 75

4.2 Frequency-dependent behavior and the crossover frequency 76

4.3 Double layer effects 80

4.3.1 Charge movement in the double layer 81

4.3.2 Charge movement in the Stern and diffuse double layers 82

4.3.3 Stern layer conduction and the effects of bulk medium properties 84

4.3.4 Dispersion in the Stern Layer 86

4.4 Dielectrophoresis versus fluid flow 87

4.5 Separating spheres 89

4.6 Trapping single particles 93

4.6.1 Theory of dielectrophoretic trapping 94

4.6.2 Trapping using positive dielectrophoresis 95

4.6.3 Trapping using negative dielectrophoresis 96

4.7 Limitations on minimum particle trapping size 98

4.8 Dielectrophoresis and laser trapping 102

Chapter 5 Dielectrophoresis of complex bioparticles 107

5.1 Manipulating viruses 107

5.2 Anatomy of viruses 108

5.3 The multishell model 109

5.4 Methods of measuring dielectrophoretic response 112

5.4.1 Experimental considerations 112

5.4.2 Crossover measurements 114

5.4.3 Collection rate measurements 115

5.4.4 Phase analysis light scattering techniques 117

5.4.5 Measurement of levitation height 118

5.4.6 Particle velocity measurement 120

5.5 Examining virus structure by dielectrophoresis 121

5.6 The interpretation of crossover data 123

5.6.1 Clarifying assumptions 123

5.6.2 Interpretation of results 125

5.6.3 The effects of storage 128

5.7 Studying nonspherical particles 130

5.8 Separating viruses 133

5.9 Unexpected charge effects 134

Chapter 6 Dielectrophoresis, molecules, and materials 139

6.1 Manipulation at the molecular scale 139

6.2 Manipulating proteins 139

6.3 Dielectrophores for protein analysis 140

6.3.1 Qualitative description 141

6.3.2 Crossover as a function of conductivity 142

6.3.3 Crossover as a function of conductivity and pH 143

6.4 DNA 146

6.5 Dielectrophoretic manipulation of DNA 148

6.6 Applications of DNA manipulation 150

6.6.1 Electrical measurement of single DNA molecules 150

6.6.2 Stretch-and-positioning of DNA 151

6.6.3 Molecular laser surgery 152

6.7 Nanotubes, nanowires, and carbon-60 153

Chapter 7 Nanoengineering 159

7.1 Toward molecular nanotechnology 159

7.2 Directed self-assembly 160

7.3 Device assembly 161

7.4 Electrostatic self-assembly 162

7.5 Electronics with nanotubes, nanowires, and carbon-60 164

7.6 Putting it all together: the potential for dielectrophoretic nanoassembly 168

7.7 Dielectrophoresis and materials science 169

7.7.1 Deposition of coatings 169

7.7.2 Three-dimensional material structuring 170

7.7.3 Dewatering 173

7.8 Nanoelectromechanical systems 174

Chapter 8 Practical dielectrophoretic separation 177

8.1 Limitations on dielectrophoretic separation 177

8.2 Flow separation 178

8.3 Field flow fractionation 182

8.4 Thermal ratchets 184

8.5 Separation strategies using dielectrophoretic ratchets 189

8.6 Stacked ratcheting mechanisms 191

8.7 Traveling wave dielectrophoresis 193

8.8 Applications of traveling wave dielectrophoresis 200

8.8.1 Manipulation 200

8.8.2 Separation 201

8.8.3 Fractionation 201

8.8.4 Concentration 202

Chapter 9 Electrode structures 207

9.1 Microengineering 207

9.2 Electrode fabrication techniques 208

9.2.1 Photolithography 208

9.2.2 Wet etching 210

9.2.3 Dry etching 215

9.2.4 Laser ablation 216

9.2.5 Direct-write e-beam structures 217

9.2.6 Multilayered planar construction 218

9.2.7 Microfluidics 219

9.2.8 Other fabrication techniques 221

9.3 Laboratories on a chip 222

9.3.1 Steering particles around electrode structures 224

9.3.2 Particle detection 226

9.3.3 Integrating electrokinetic subsystems 228

9.3.4 Contact with the outside world 230

9.4 A note about patents 231

Chapter 10 Computer applications in electromechanics 239

10.1 The need for simulation 239

10.2 Principles of electric field simulation 239

10.3 Analytical methods 240

10.3.1 Electrode geometries with analytical solutions to their electric fields 240

10.3.2 Modeling time-dependent behavior using analytical methods 244

10.4 Numerical methods 246

10.4.1 The finite difference method 247

10.4.2 The finite element method 248

10.4.3 Boundary element methods 249

10.4.4 The Monte Carlo method 249

10.4.5 The method of moments 250

10.5 Finite element analysis 251

10.5.1 Local elements and the shape function 251

10.5.2 The Galerkin method 253

10.5.3 Quadrilateral elements 256

10.5.4 Assembling the elements 258

10.5.5 Applying boundary conditions 259

10.5.6 The solution process 261

10.6 The method of moments 261

10.6.1 Calculating charge density 262

10.6.2 Calculating the potential 265

10.7 Commercial versus custom software 266

10.8 Determination of dynamic field effects 267

10.8.1 The nature of the dynamic field 267

10.9 Example: simulation of polynomial electrodes 269

10.9.1 Simulations 269

10.9.2 Simulation results 271

Chapter 11 Dielectrophoretic response modeling and MATLAB 279

11.1 Modeling the dielectrophoretic response 279

11.2 Programming in MATLAB 280

11.3 Modeling the Clausius-Mossotti factor 280

11.4 Determining the crossover spectrum 283

11.5 Modeling surface conductance effects 288

11.6 Multishell objects 290

11.7 Finding the best fit 292

11.8 MATLAB in time-variant field analysis 293

11.9 Other MATLAB functions 296

Appendix A A dielectrophoretic rotary nanomotor: a proposal 297

A.1 Electrokinetic nanoelectromechanical systems 297

A.2 Calculation of motor performance 298

A.3 Theoretical limits of motor performance 302

A.4 Digital electronic control of torque generation 306

A.5 Nanomotor applications 308

A.6 The way forward? 310.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

ISBN:

0849311837

OCLC:

50065020