Nuclear physics : principles and applications / J.S. Lilley.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lilley, J. S. (John S.)

Series:

Manchester physics series

The Manchester physics series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nuclear physics.

Physical Description:

xvi, 393 pages, 1 unnumbered page of color plate : illustrations ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

Chichester ; New York : J. Wiley, [2001]

Summary:

This title provides the latest information on nuclear physics. Based on a course entitled Applications of Nuclear Physics. Written from an experimental point of view this text is broadly divided into two parts, firstly a general introduction to Nuclear Physics and secondly its applications. * Includes chapters on practical examples and problems * Contains hints to solving problems which are included in the appendix * Avoids complex and extensive mathematical treatments * A modern approach to nuclear physics, covering the basic theory, but emphasising the many and important applications

Contents:

Flow diagram

1.2 Early Discoveries 4

1.3.1 The nucleus and its constituents 6

1.3.2 Isotopes, isotones and isobars 7

1.3.3 Nuclear mass and energy 7

1.4 Nuclear Potential and Energy Levels 9

1.4.1 Nucleon states in a nucleus 9

1.4.2 Energy levels of nuclei 12

1.4.3 Occurrence and stability of nuclei 13

1.5 Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay 14

1.5.1 Alpha emission 14

1.5.2 Beta emission and electron capture 15

1.5.3 Gamma emission and internal conversion 17

1.5.4 Rate of radioactive decay 18

1.5.5 Radioactive decay chains 19

1.5.6 Radioactivity in the environment 21

1.5.7 Radioactive dating 22

1.6 Nuclear Collisions 22

1.6.2 Probes 23

1.6.3 Cross section, differential cross section and reaction rate 24

1.6.4 Isotope production 25

1.6.5 Examples of nuclear reactions 27

2 Nuclear Structure 35

2.2 Nuclear Mass 36

2.2.1 The nuclear force 36

2.2.2 Semi-empirical mass formula 38

2.2.3 Nuclear stability 41

2.3 Nuclear Shell Model 45

2.3.1 Evidence for shell structure 45

2.3.2 Independent particle motion and the shell model 46

2.3.3 The spin

orbit potential 48

2.4 Single-Particle Features 50

2.4.1 Parity 50

2.4.2 Spectra of single-particle or single-hole nuclei 51

2.5 Collective States 54

2.5.1 Vibrational states 55

2.5.2 Deformed nuclei 58

2.5.3 Rotational states 59

2.5.4 Superdeformation 61

3 Nuclear Instability 65

3.2 Gamma Emission 65

3.2.1 General features and selection rules 66

3.2.2 Transition rate 67

3.2.3 Internal conversion 73

3.3 Beta Decay 74

3.3.1 Beta-particle energy spectrum 75

3.3.2 Allowed transitions 77

3.3.3 Forbidden transitions 80

3.3.4 Comparison of [beta]-decay rates 82

3.3.5 Electron capture 83

3.4 Alpha Decay 84

3.4.1 Semi-classical theory of [alpha] decay 84

3.4.2 Alpha-particle energies and selection rules 88

3.4.3 Transuranic nuclei 89

4 Nuclear Reactions 93

4.2 General Features of Nuclear Reactions 94

4.2.1 Energy spectra 94

4.2.2 Angular distributions 96

4.2.3 Cross sections 97

4.3 Elastic Scattering and Nuclear Size 104

4.3.1 Electron scattering 104

4.3.2 Optical model for nuclear scattering 106

4.4 Direct Reactions 108

4.4.1 Angular momentum transfer in direct reactions 108

4.4.2 Selectivity in direct reactions 110

4.5 Compound Nucleus Reactions 113

4.5.1 Resonance in a compound nuclear reaction 114

4.5.2 Low-energy, neutron-induced fission 116

4.6 Heavy-Ion Reactions 117

4.6.1 Elastic scattering and direct reactions 118

4.6.2 Fusion 120

4.6.3 Deep inelastic reactions and limits to fusion 122

Part II Instrumentation and Applications 127

5 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 129

5.2 Heavy Charged Particles 129

5.2.1 Bethe-Bloch formula 130

5.2.2 Energy dependence 131

5.2.3 Bragg curve 132

5.2.4 Projectile dependence 133

5.2.5 Stopping medium dependence 134

5.3 Electrons 134

5.4 Gamma Rays 136

5.4.1 Photoelectric effect 138

5.4.2 Compton scattering 139

5.4.3 Pair production 140

5.4.4 Attenuation 141

5.5 Neutrons 142

5.5.1 Attenuation 143

5.5.2 Neutron moderation 144

6 Detectors and Instrumentation 151

6.2 Gas Detectors 152

6.2.1 Ionization chamber 152

6.2.2 Proportional counter 153

6.2.3 Geiger-Mueller counter 155

6.3 Scintillation Detectors 156

6.4 Semiconductor Detectors 158

6.4.1 The p-n junction detector 160

6.4.2 The intrinsic detector 162

6.5 Detector Performance for Gamma Rays 162

6.5.1 Response to monoenergetic photons 162

6.5.2 Energy resolution 164

6.5.3 Peak-to-total ratio 165

6.6 Neutron Detectors 166

6.6.1 Slow-neutron detection 166

6.6.2 Fast-neutron detection 167

6.7 Particle Identification 168

6.7.1 E

[delta]E counter telescope 168

6.7.2 Time of flight 168

6.7.3 Magnetic analysis 169

6.8 Accelerators 171

6.8.1 DC machines 171

6.8.2 AC machines 173

7 Biological Effects of Radiation 181

7.2 Initial Interactions 182

7.2.1 Direct and indirect physical damage 182

7.2.2 Indirect chemical damage 183

7.3 Dose, Dose Rate and Dose Distribution 185

7.3.1 Absorbed dose 185

7.3.2 Dose rate 185

7.3.3 Dose distribution and relative biological effectiveness 186

7.3.4 Equivalent dose 187

7.3.5 Effective dose 188

7.4 Damage to Critical Tissue 189

7.4.1 Complex molecules 189

7.4.2 Nucleic acids and damage repair 190

7.4.3 Modifying factors 192

7.5 Human Exposure to Radiation 195

7.5.1 Radiation in the environment 195

7.5.2 Evaluating the dose 198

7.6 Risk Assessment 200

7.6.1 Risk to occupationally exposed workers 201

8 Industrial and Analytical Applications 205

8.2 Industrial Uses 205

8.2.1 Tracing 205

8.2.2 Gauging 207

8.2.3 Material modification 208

8.2.4 Sterilization 209

8.2.5 Food preservation 210

8.2.6 Other applications 211

8.3 Neutron Activation Analysis 212

8.4 Rutherford Backscattering 215

8.5 Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission 219

8.6 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry 223

8.7 Significance of Low-Level Counting 226

8.7.1 Null measurements with zero background 226

8.7.2 Low-level counting with finite background 227

9 Nuclear Medicine 233

9.2 Projection Imaging: X-Radiography and the Gamma Camera 234

9.2.1 Imaging with external radiation 234

9.2.2 Imaging with internal radiation 235

9.3 Computed Tomography 238

9.4 Positron Emission Tomography 242

9.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 245

9.5.1 Principles of MRI 246

9.5.2 Excitation of a selected region 248

9.5.3 Readout and MRI image formation 248

9.5.4 Time variations of the signal 249

9.5.5 Functional MRI 251

9.6 Radiation Therapy 253

9.6.1 Photons and electrons 253

9.6.2 Radionuclides 256

9.6.3 Neutron therapy 256

9.6.4 Heavy charged particles 257

10 Power From Fission 263

10.2 Characteristics of Fission 264

10.2.1 Fission and fission products 264

10.2.2 Fission energy budget 265

10.2.3 Delayed neutrons 267

10.2.4 Neutron interactions 267

10.2.5 Breeder reactions 268

10.3 The Chain Reaction in a Thermal Fission Reactor 269

10.3.1 A nuclear power plant 269

10.3.2 The neutron cycle in a thermal reactor 271

10.3.3 Moderator 274

10.3.4 Optimizing the design 275

10.4 The Finite Reactor 276

10.4.1 Diffusion 276

10.4.2 The continuity equation 277

10.4.3 Diffusion length 278

10.4.4 Reactor equation 279

10.4.5 Solving the reactor equation 281

10.5 Reactor Operation 283

10.5.1 Reactor power and fuel consumption 283

10.5.2 Reactor kinetics 284

10.5.3 Reactor poisoning 285

10.6 Commercial Thermal Reactors 287

10.6.1 Early gas-cooled reactors 287

10.6.2 Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) 288

10.6.3 Pressurized-water reactor 288

10.6.4 Boiling-water reactor 289

10.6.5 Heavy-water reactors 290

10.7 Future of Nuclear Fission Power 291

10.7.1 The breeder reactor 292

10.7.2 Accelerator-driven systems 294

11 Thermonuclear Fusion 299

11.2 Thermonuclear Reactions and Energy Production 300

11.2.1 Basic reactions and Q values 300

11.2.2 Cross sections 301

11.3 Fusion in a Hot Medium 302

11.3.1 Reaction rate 302

11.3.2 Performance criteria 304

11.4 Progress Towards Fusion Power 305

11.4.1 Magnetic confinement 306

11.4.2 Inertial confinement fusion 311

11.5 Fusion in the Early Universe 313

11.6 Stellar Burning 315

11.6.1 Hydrogen burning 315

11.6.2 Helium burning 318

11.6.3 Beyond helium burning 319

11.7 Nucleosynthesis Beyond A [approximate] 60 320

A.1 Physical Constants and Derived Quantities 325

A.2 Masses and Energies 325

A.3 Conversion Factors 326

A.4 Useful Formulae 326

Appendix B Particle in a Square Well 329

Appendix C Density of States and the Fermi Energy 333

C.1 Density of States 333

C.2 Fermi Energy 335

Appendix D Spherical Harmonics 337

Appendix E Coulomb Scattering 341

Appendix F Mass Excesses and Decay Properties of Nuclei 343.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [379]-383) and index.

ISBN:

0471979368

047197935X

OCLC:

46777461