Glass-ceramic technology / Wolfram Höland and George Beall.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Höland, Wolfram.

Contributor:

Beall, G. H.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Glass-ceramics.

Physical Description:

xix, 372 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 24 cm

Other Title:

Glass ceramic technology

Place of Publication:

Westerville, OH : American Ceramic Society, [2002]

Contents:

History xv

1 Principles of Designing Glass-Ceramic Formation 1

1.1 Advantages of Glass-Ceramic Formation 1

1.1.1 Processing Properties 3

1.1.2 Thermal Properties 3

1.1.3 Optical Properties 3

1.1.4 Chemical Properties 3

1.1.5 Biological Properties 4

1.1.6 Mechanical Properties 4

1.1.7 Electrical and Magnetic Properties 4

1.2 Factors of Design 5

1.3 Crystal Structures and Mineral Properties 5

1.3.1 Crystalline Silicates 6

1.3.1.1 Nesosilicates 6

1.3.1.2 Sorosilicates 7

1.3.1.3 Cyclosilicates 7

1.3.1.4 Inosilicates 8

1.3.1.5 Phyllosilicates 8

1.3.1.6 Tectosilicates 9

1.3.2 Phosphates 32

1.3.2.1 Apatite 32

1.3.2.2 Orthophosphates and Diphosphates 35

1.3.2.3 Metaphosphates 37

1.4 Nucleation 38

1.4.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 40

1.4.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation 42

1.4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation 43

1.4.4 Examples for Applying the Nucleation Theory in the Development of Glass-Ceramics 46

1.4.4.1 Volume Nucleation 46

1.4.4.2 Surface Nucleation 53

1.4.4.3 Temperature-Time-Transformation Diagrams 55

1.5 Crystal Growth 57

1.5.1 Primary Growth 59

1.5.2 Anisotropic Growth 60

1.5.3 Surface Growth 66

1.5.4 Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization 69

1.5.4.1 Phenomenology 69

1.5.4.2 Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization Applications 71

1.5.5 Secondary Grain Growth 72

2 Composition Systems for Glass-Ceramics 75

2.1 Alkaline and Alkaline-Earth Silicates 75

2.1.1. SiO[subscript 2]-Li[subscript 2]O (Lithium Disilicate) 75

2.1.1.1 Stoichiometric Composition 75

2.1.1.2 Nonstoichiometric Compositions 77

2.1.2 SiO[subscript 2]-BaO (Sanbornite) 84

2.1.2.1 Stoichiometric Barium-Disilicate 84

2.1.2.2. Multicomponent Glass-Ceramics 85

2.2 Aluminosilicates 86

2.2.1 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] (Mullite) 86

2.2.2 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 2]-Li[subscript 2]O ([beta]-Quartz Solid Solution, [beta]-Spodumene Solid Solution) 88

2.2.2.1 [beta]-Quartz Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics 89

2.2.2.2 [beta]-Spodumene Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics 94

2.2.3 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-Na[subscript 2]O (Nepheline) 97

2.2.4 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-Cs[subscript 2]O (Pollucite) 100

2.2.5 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-MgO (Cordierite, Enstatite) 104

2.2.5.1 Cordierite Glass-Ceramics 104

2.2.5.2 Enstatite Glass-Ceramics 108

2.2.6 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-CaO (Wollastonite) 110

2.2.7 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-ZnO-MgO (Spinel, Gahnite) 112

2.2.7.1 Spinel Glass-Ceramic without [beta]-Quartz 112

2.2.7.2 [beta]-Quartz-Spinel Glass-Ceramics 114

2.2.8 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-CaO (Slag Sital) 115

2.2.9 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-K[subscript 2]O (Leucite) 119

2.3 Flourosilicates 124

2.3.1 SiO[subscript 2]-R(III)[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-MgO-R(II)O-R(I)[subscript 2]O-F (Mica) 124

2.3.1.1 Alkaline Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics 125

2.3.1.2 Alkali-Free Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics 129

2.3.1.3 Alkaline-Free Tetrasilicic Mica Glass-Ceramic 131

2.3.2 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-MgO-CaO-ZrO[subscript 2]-F (Mica, Zirconia) 132

2.3.3 SiO[subscript 2]-CaO-R[subscript 2]O-F (Canasite) 134

2.3.4 SiO[subscript 2]-MgO-CaO-R(I)[subscript 2]O-F (Amphibole) 140

2.4 Silicophosphates 145

2.4.1 SiO[subscript 2]-CaO-Na[subscript 2]O-P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5] (Apatite) 145

2.4.2 SiO[subscript 2]-MgO-CaO-P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-F (Apatite, Wollastonite) 145

2.4.3 SiO[subscript 2]-MgO-Na[subscript 2]O-K[subscript 2]O-CaO-P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5] (Apatite) 147

2.4.4 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-MgO-CaO-Na[subscript 2]O-K[subscript 2]O- P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-F (Mica, Apatite) 148

2.4.5 SiO[subscript 2]-MgO-CaO-TiO[subscript 2]-P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5] (Apatite, Magnesium Titanate) 152

2.4.6 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-CaO-Na[subscript 2]O-K[subscript 2]O-P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5] (Apatite, Leucite) 154

2.4.6.1 Monolithic Glass-Ceramics 156

2.4.6.2 Sintered Glass-Ceramics 160

2.4.7 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-CaO-Na[subscript 2]O-P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-F (Needlelike Apatite) 161

2.5 Iron Silicates 161

2.5.1 SiO[subscript 2]-Fe[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-CaO 161

2.5.2 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-FeO-Fe[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-K[subscript 2]O (Mica, Ferrite) 162

2.5.3 SiO[subscript 2]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-Fe[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-R(I)O-R(II)O (Basalt) 165

2.6 Phosphates 167

2.6.1 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-CaO (Metaphosphates) 167

2.6.2 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-CaO-TiO[subscript 2] 171

2.6.3 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-Na[subscript 2]O-BaO and P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-TiO[subscript 2]-WO[subscript 3] 172

2.6.3.1 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-Na[subscript 2]O-BaO System 172

2.6.3.2 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]-TiO[subscript 2]-WO[subscript 3] System 173

2.6.4 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]

Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]

CaO (Apatite), P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]

CaO (Metaphosphate) 173

2.6.4.1 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]

CaO (Apatite) 173

2.6.4.2 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]

CaO (Metaphosphate) 175

2.6.5 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]

B[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]

SiO[subscript 2] 175

2.6.6 P[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]

SiO[subscript 2]

Li[subscript 2]O

ZrO[subscript 2] 178

2.6.6.1 Glass-Ceramics Containing 16 wt% ZrO[subscript 2] 180

2.6.6.2 Glass-Ceramics Containing 20 wt% ZrO[subscript 2] 180

2.7 Others Systems 183

2.7.1 Perovskite-Type Glass-Ceramics 183

2.7.1.1 SiO[subscript 2]

Nb[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]

Na[subscript 2]O

(BaO) 183

2.7.1.2 SiO[subscript 2]

TiO[subscript 2]

PbO 184

2.7.1.3 SiO[subscript 2]

K[subscript 2]O

Ta[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]

Nb[subscript 2] O[subscript 5] 186

2.7.2 Ilmenite-Type (SiO[subscript 2]

Ta[subscript 2]O[subscript 5]) Glass-Ceramics 187

2.7.3 B[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]

BaFe[subscript 12]O[subscript 19] (Barium Hexaferrite) or (BaFe[subscript 10]O[subscript 15]) Barium Ferrite 187

2.7.4 SiO[subscript 2]

BaO

TiO[subscript 2] (Barium Titanate) 188

2.7.5 Bi[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]

SrO

CaO

CuO 190

3 Microstructure Control 191

3.1 Solid-State Reactions 191

3.1.1 Isochemichal Phase Transformation 191

3.1.2 Reaction Between Phases 192

3.1.3 Exsolution 192

3.1.4 Use of Phase Diagrams to Predict Glass-Ceramic Assemblages 193

3.2 Microstructure 194

3.2.1 Nanocrystalline Microstructures 194

3.2.2 Cellular Membrane Microstructures 196

3.2.3 Coast-and-Island Microstructure 198

3.2.4 Dendritic Microstructures 200

3.2.5 Relict Microstructures 204

3.2.6 House-of-Cards Microstructures 205

3.2.6.1 Nucleation Reactions 206

3.2.6.2 Primary Crystal Formation and Mica Precipitation 206

3.2.7 Cabbage-Head Microstructures 208

3.2.8 Acicular Interlocking Microstructures 213

3.2.9 Lamellar Twinned Microstructures 216

3.2.10 Preferred Crystal Orientation 218

3.2.11 Crystal Network Microstructures 219

3.2.12 Nature as an Example 219

3.3 Control of Key Properties 221

3.4 Methods and Measurements 222

3.4.1 Chemical System and Crystalline Phases 222

3.4.2 Determination of Crystal Phases 223

3.4.3 Kinetic Process of Crystal Formation 224

3.4.4 Design of Microstructure 226

3.4.5 Mechanical, Optical, Electrical, Chemical, and Biological Properties 227

4 Applications of Glass-Ceramics 229

4.1 Technical Applications 229

4.1.1 Radomes 229

4.1.2 Photosensitive and Etched Patterned Materials 229

4.1.2.1 Fotoform and Fotoceram 230

4.1.2.2 Foturan 232

4.1.2.3 Additional Products 235

4.1.3 Machinable Glass-Ceramics 236

4.1.3.1 MACOR and DICOR 236

4.1.3.2 Vitronit 240

4.1.3.3 Photoveel 241

4.1.4 Magnetic Memory Disk Substrates 241

4.1.5 Liquid Crystal Displays 245

4.2 Consumer Applications 247

4.2.1 [beta]-Spodumene Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics 247

4.2.2 [beta]-Quartz Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics 248

4.3 Optical Applications 253

4.3.1 Telescope Mirrors 253

4.3.1.1 Requirements for Their Development 253

4.3.1.2 Zerodur Glass-Ceramics 253

4.3.2 Integrated Lens Arrays 255

4.3.3 Applications for Luminescent Glass-Ceramics 258

4.3.3.1 Cr-Doped Mullite for Solar Concentrators 258

4.3.3.2 Rare-Earth-Doped Oxyfluorides for Upconversion and Amplification 260

4.3.4 Optical Components 263

4.3.4.1 Glass-Ceramics for Fiber Bragg Grating Athermalization 263

4.3.4.2 Glass-Ceramic Ferrule for Optical Connectors 272

4.4 Medical and Dental Glass-Ceramics 272

4.4.1 Glass-Ceramics for Medical Applications 274

4.4.1.1 Cerabone 274

4.4.1.2 Ceravital 276

4.4.1.3 Bioverit 276

4.4.2 Glass-Ceramics for Dental Restoration 277

4.4.2.1 Requirements for Their Development 277

4.4.2.2 Dicor 279

4.4.2.3 IPS Empress Glass-Ceramic 282

4.4.2.4 IPS Empress Cosmo Glass-Ceramic For Dental Core Buildups 287

4.4.2.5 IPS Empress 2 Glass-Ceramic 291

4.4.2.6 IPS d.SIGN Glass-Ceramic 301

4.4.2.7 Pro CAD 307

4.4.2.8 IPS ERIS for E2 308

4.5 Electrical and Electronic Applications 309

4.5.1 Insulators 309

4.5.2 Electronic Packaging 310

4.5.2.1 Requirements for Their Development 310

4.5.2.2 Properties and Processing 311

4.5.2.3 Applications 312

4.6 Architectural Applications 313

4.7 Coatings and Solders 317.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 337-360) and index.

ISBN:

1574981072

OCLC:

48936556