Christian pacifism confronts German nationalism : the ecumenical movement and the cause of peace in Germany, 1914-1933 / Julian Jenkins.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Jenkins, Julian, Dr.

Contributor:

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Series:

Studies in religion and society (New York, N.Y.) ; v. 55.

Studies in religion and society ; v. 55

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Ecumenical movement--Germany--History--20th century.

Ecumenical movement.

Nationalism--Germany--History--20th century.

Nationalism.

Peace--Religious aspects--Christianity.

History.

Germany.

Peace--Religious aspects--Christianity--History--20th century.

Peace.

Physical Description:

vi, 494 pages ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Lewiston, N.Y. : E. Mellen Press, [2002]

Contents:

a. The Context of the Problem 1

Part I Ideological Foundations

1. The Weltanschauung of German Protestantism 17

1.1 The Historical Roots of the German Political-Religious Culture 18

1.1.1 The Foundation in Lutheran Theology 18

1.1.2 The Nineteenth Century Development of German Political Ideology 20

1.1.3 The Effect of Political Ideology on Religious Culture 24

1.1.4 The Contribution of Kulturprotestantismus 27

1.1.5 The Justification of War 30

1.2 World War I and its Aftermath in the Weimar Era 32

1.2.1 War Theology During World War I 32

1.2.2 The Consequences of Defeat 35

1.2.3 National-Protestantism during the Weimar Republic 39

1.2.4 The Rise of volkisch Theology 42

2. Siegmund-Schultze's Ideology and its Theological Roots 47

2.1 The Development of Major Directions in Siegmund-Schultze's Career 47

2.2 The Theological Basis of Siegmund-Schultze's Ideology 54

2.2.1 The Centrality of Christ and the Goal of Nachfolge Christi 54

2.2.2 Love as the Ethical Standard for both Individual and Community 58

2.2.3 The Importance of Christian Community 61

2.3 Volksgemeinschaft 63

2.3.1 As the Basis for Social Community 63

2.3.2 As the Basis for International Community 67

2.4 The Problem of an International Ethic 71

2.5 Versohnung as the Basis for Peace 75

2.6 Peace as a Christian Responsibility 82

2.6.1 Siegmund-Schultze's Attitudes Regarding War and Peace 82

2.6.2 The Preconditions for Peace: Truth, Justice and Love 86

Part II The Activities of the Peace Movement of the Churches

3. Baptism of Fire: The Origins of the World Alliance 91

3.1 Prelude: The British-German Friendship Work, 1908-1914 92

3.1.1 The Visit of German Churchmen to England, 1908 92

3.1.2 The Return Visit of English Churchmen, 1909 95

3.1.3 Assessment of the British-German Exchange Visits 97

3.1.4 The Continuation of the Work: the Associated Councils 101

3.1.5 The Limitations of the Friendship Work 105

3.1.6 Outbreak of World War I: Kulturkrieg of the Intellectuals 107

3.1.7 The Divergent Worldviews of the British and German Churchmen 110

3.2 Towards an International Peace Movement of the Churches 114

3.2.1 The Lake Mohonk Conference, 1911 114

3.2.2 Plans for an International Peace Conference of the Churches 118

3.2.3 The Constance Conference, August 1914 122

3.2.4 The Aftermath of Constance 126

4. Up from the Ashes: The Battle for Survival, 1914-1918 131

4.1 Reactions of the Churchmen to World War I 131

4.1.1 Initial Protests of the Pacifists 131

4.1.2 The Different Interpretations of the War 134

4.2 The Activities of the World Alliance 138

4.2.1 Maintaining International Ties 138

4.2.2 The Caritas inter Arma Programme 142

4.3 The Situation in Germany 145

4.3.1 Persecution from the German Military Authorities 145

4.3.2 Siegmund-Schultze's Critique of the War 147

4.3.3 The Difficulties of Promoting the Work in Germany 152

4.4 Efforts for an International Conference, 1917-1918 154

4.4.1 Proposals for an International Conference 154

4.4.2 The Uppsala Conference and its Aftermath 157

5. The Practice of Peace: The World Alliance, 1919-1933 163

5.1 Renewing Friendship: the Oud Wassenaer Conference 1919 163

5.2 The Ideology of the Alliance 171

5.2.1 The Dominant Influence of Western Liberalism 171

5.2.2 Comparison with the International Fellowship of Reconciliation 176

5.3 The Structure of the Alliance 179

5.4 The Purpose and Tasks of the Alliance 182

5.5 The Methods of the Alliance 186

5.5.1 Influencing Public Opinion 186

5.5.2 Resolutions 188

5.5.3 Conferences 193

5.5.4 Other Activities 197

5.6 The Finances of the Alliance 200

5.7 Crisis within the Alliance, 1929-1932 203

5.7.1 Structural Reorganisation 203

5.7.2 Bonhoeffer's Critique of the Alliance 205

5.8 1933: The Failure of the Alliance 210

6. The Peace Movement of the Churches in Germany, 1919-1933 215

6.1 Origins of Pacifism in Germany 215

6.1.1 Pacifism in Germany before World War I 215

6.1.2 World War I and the Post-war Era 222

6.2 Fundamental Difficulties Facing the Peace Movement of the Churches in Germany 226

6.2.1 The Nationalist Mindset of the German Churchmen 226

6.2.2 Different Conceptions of the Kingdom of God 228

6.2.3 Suspicion of Pacifism 231

6.2.4 Bitterness and Antagonisms after World War I 234

6.3 The German National Council of the World Alliance, 1919-1933 237

6.3.1 The Struggle to Overcome Overwhelming Prejudices 237

6.3.2 The Activities of the German National Council 241

6.3.3 The Relationship with the German Church Authorities 246

6.3.3.1 The Pechmann Affair, 1922 248

6.3.3.2 Controversy over the German Delegation to the Stockholm World Conference of the Life and Work Movement 255

6.3.4 The Rising Tide of Nationalist Opposition 261

6.3.5 1933: Collapse of the German National Council 264

Part III The Issues within the Peace Movement of the Churches, 1919-1933

7. The Treaty of Versailles and the War Guilt Question, 1919-1933 269

7.1 The Period of Confrontation, 1919-1924 269

7.1.1 The Fourteen Points and the Treaty of Versailles 269

7.1.2 The War Guilt Clause 272

7.1.3 The DEKA's Campaign Against Versailles 274

7.1.4 The Response of the Forces of Peace to the Peace of Force 277

7.1.5 Siegmund-Schultze's "Anmerkungen zur Schuldfrage" 281

7.1.6 The War Guilt Question in the Ecumenical Movement, 1919-1922 289

7.1.7 The Ruhr Crisis and the World Alliance, 1923-1924 295

7.2 The Period of Rapprochement, 1924-1928 301

7.2.1 The Stuttgart Conference of the German National Council, 1924 301

7.2.2 The New German Strategy against Versailles 303

7.2.3 Discussion within the Life and Work Movement, 1925-1926 309

7.3 The Period of Appeasement, 1929-1933 313

7.3.1 Renewed Demands from the German Churchmen 313

7.3.2 The Kassel Conference of the German National Council, 1929 315

7.3.3 The Genesis of Appeasement, 1931-1932 318

8. The League of Nations and Disarmament 327

8.1 The Debate over the League of Nations, 1919-1926 328

8.1.1 The League of Nations and the "League of Churches" 328

8.1.2 German Attitudes to the League of Nations 332

8.1.3 The Conflict of Worldviews: Stockholm 1925 335

8.1.4 Limited German Acceptance of the League 342

8.2 The Debate over Disarmament, 1927-1933 344

8.2.1 The German Case for Disarmament 344

8.2.2 The Debate at the Prague World Conference, 1928 347

8.2.3 The Debate Continued: Siegmund-Schultze and Wilfred Monod 352

8.2.4 The Eisenach-Avignon Resolution, 1929 356

8.2.5 The Debate Renewed in the Midst of Crisis, 1931 359

8.2.6 Siegmund-Schultze's Pessimistic Outlook 362

8.2.7 The World Disarmament Conference, 1932-1933 364

Epilogue: The Decline of the World Alliance, 1933-1948 371

a. The Beginning of the End 371

b. New Challenges: Refugees and Minorities 372

c. The Final Years of the World Alliance 378

d. Reasons for the Collapse of the World Alliance 381

e. Siegmund-Schultze's Bitter Withdrawal from the Ecumenical Movement 386

Appendix I "International Peace and the German Christian". Theses by Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze 403

Appendix II World Alliance Declaration of Principles, Oud Wassenaer Conference, 1919 408

Appendix III Stuttgart Resolutions on War Guilt, 1924 410

Appendix IV Prague Resolutions on Disarmament, 1928 411

Appendix V Eisenach-Avignon Resolution, 1929 413

Appendix IV Table of Ecumenical Conferences, 1914-1948 415.

Notes:

Originally presented as the author's thesis (Ph. D.--University of Queensland, Australia, 1992).

Includes bibliographical references (pages [417]-484) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

ISBN:

0773471375

OCLC:

54356752