Data acquisition and signal processing for smart sensors / Nikolay V. Kirianaki ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Kirianaki, Nikolaĭ Vladimirovich.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Detectors.

Microprocessors.

Signal processing.

Automatic data collection systems.

Physical Description:

xvii, 280 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

New York : J. Wiley, [2002]

Contents:

1 Smart Sensors for Electrical and Non-Electrical, Physical and Chemical Variables: Tendencies and Perspectives 1

1.1 Temperature IC and Smart Sensors 8

1.2 Pressure IC and Smart Sensors and Accelerometers 14

1.3 Rotation Speed Sensors 18

1.4 Intelligent Opto Sensors 23

1.5 Humidity Frequency Output Sensors 24

1.6 Chemical and Gas Smart Sensors 24

2 Converters for Different Variables to Frequency-Time Parameters of the Electric Signal 29

2.1 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters (VFCs) 29

2.2 Capacitance-to-Period (or Duty-Cycle) Converters 47

3 Data Acquisition Methods for Multichannel Sensor Systems 51

3.1 Data Acquisition Method with Time-Division Channelling 52

3.2 Data Acquisition Method with Space-Division Channelling 55

3.3 Smart Sensor Architectures and Data Acquisition 57

3.4 Main Errors of Multichannel Data-Acquisition Systems 59

3.5 Data Transmission and Error Protection 61

3.5.1 Essence of quasi-ternary coding 62

3.5.2 Coding algorithm and examples 62

3.5.3 Quasi-ternary code decoding 65

4 Methods of Frequency-to-Code Conversion 69

4.1 Standard Direct Counting Method (Frequency Measurement) 70

4.2 Indirect Counting Method (Period Measurement) 74

4.3 Combined Counting Method 79

4.4 Method for Frequency-to-Code Conversion Based on Discrete Fourier Transformation 82

4.5 Methods for Phase-Shift-to-Code Conversion 85

5 Advanced and Self-Adapting Methods of Frequency-to-Code Conversion 89

5.1 Ratiometric Counting Method 89

5.2 Reciprocal Counting Method 94

5.3 M/T Counting Method 94

5.4 Constant Elapsed Time (CET) Method 96

5.5 Single- and Double-Buffered Methods 96

5.6 DMA Transfer Method 97

5.7 Method of Dependent Count 98

5.7.1 Method of conversion for absolute values 99

5.7.2 Methods of conversion for relative values 100

5.7.3 Methods of conversion for frequency deviation 104

5.7.4 Universal method of dependent count 104

5.7.5 Example of realization 105

5.7.6 Metrological characteristics and capabilities 107

5.7.7 Absolute quantization error [Delta subscript q] 107

5.7.8 Relative quantization error [delta subscript q] 109

5.7.9 Dynamic range 110

5.7.10 Accuracy of frequency-to-code converters based on MDC 112

5.7.11 Calculation error 114

5.7.12 Quantization error (error of method) 114

5.7.13 Reference frequency error 114

5.7.14 Trigger error 115

5.7.15 Simulation results 117

5.8 Method with Non-Redundant Reference Frequency 121

5.9 Comparison of Methods 123

5.10 Advanced Method for Phase-Shift-to-Code Conversion 125

6 Signal Processing in Quasi-Digital Smart Sensors 129

6.1 Main Operations in Signal Processing 129

6.1.1 Adding and subtraction 129

6.1.2 Multiplication and division 130

6.1.3 Frequency signal unification 132

6.1.4 Derivation and integration 135

6.2 Weight Functions, Reducing Quantization Error 136

7 Digital Output Smart Sensors with Software-Controlled Performances and Functional Capabilities 143

7.1 Program-Oriented Conversion Methods Based on Ratiometric Counting Technique 145

7.2 Design Methodology for Program-Oriented Conversion Methods 150

7.3 Adaptive PCM with Increased Speed 161

7.4 Error Analysis of PCM 164

7.4.1 Reference error 165

7.4.2 Calculation error 171

7.4.3 Error of T[subscript 02] forming 173

7.5 Correction of PCM's Systematic Errors 174

7.6 Modified Method of Algorithm Merging for PCMs 175

8 Multichannel Intelligent and Virtual Sensor Systems 183

8.1 One-Channel Sensor Interfacing 183

8.2 Multichannel Sensor Interfacing 184

8.2.1 Smart rotation speed sensor 185

8.2.2 Encoder 187

8.2.3 Self-adaptive method for rotation speed measurements 188

8.2.4 Sensor interfacing 190

8.3 Multichannel Adaptive Sensor System with Space-Division Channelling 193

8.4 Multichannel Sensor Systems with Time-Division Channelling 197

8.5 Multiparameters Sensors 199

8.6 Virtual Instrumentation for Smart Sensors 199

8.6.1 Set of the basic models for measuring instruments 201

8.7 Estimation of Uncertainty for Virtual Instruments 215

9 Smart Sensor Design at Software Level 225

9.1 Microcontroller Core for Smart Sensors 225

9.2 Low-Power Design Technique for Embedded Microcontrollers 227

9.2.1 Instruction selection and ordering 234

9.2.2 Code size and speed optimizations 234

9.2.3 Jump and call optimizations 236

9.2.4 Cycle optimization 237

9.2.5 Minimizing memory access cost 239

9.2.6 Exploiting low-power features of the hardware 240

9.2.7 Compiler optimization for low power 241

10 Smart Sensor Buses and Interface Circuits 245

10.1 Sensor Buses and Network Protocols 245

10.2 Sensor Interface Circuits 248

10.2.1 Universal transducer interface (UTI) 248

10.2.2 Time-to-digital converter (TDC) 252

Future Directions 255.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [257]-266) and index.

ISBN:

0470843179

OCLC:

48123490