Heating, cooling, lighting : design methods for architects / Norbert Lechner.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lechner, Norbert.

Contributor:

Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Heating.

Air conditioning.

Lighting.

Physical Description:

xvii, 620 pages : illustrations, maps ; 29 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

New York : Wiley, [2001]

Summary:

* Mathematical formulas are excerpted from the text and appear in side boxes, so they don't cloud the text with overly-technical information.

Contents:

1 Heating, Cooling, and Lighting as Form-Givers in Architecture 1

1.2 Vernacular and Regional Architecture 2

1.3 Formal Architecture 4

1.4 The Architectural Approach 7

1.5 Dynamic Versus Static Buildings 8

1.6 Energy and Architecture 9

1.7 Architecture and Mechanical Equipment 9

2 Sustainable Design 11

2.1 Easter Island: Learning from the Past 12

2.2 Sustainable Design 12

2.3 Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design 14

2.4 The Green Movement 14

2.5 Population and Sustainability 15

2.6 Growth 16

2.7 Exponential Growth 16

2.8 The Amoeba Analogy 16

2.9 Production Versus Efficiency (Conservation) 18

2.10 Sustainable-Design Issues 18

2.11 Climate Change 19

2.12 The Global Greenhouse 21

2.13 The Ozone Hole 21

2.14 Energy Sources 22

2.15 Ancient Greece: A Historical Example 22

2.16 Nonrenewable Energy Sources 22

2.17 Renewable Energy Sources 26

2.18 Hydrogen 33

3 Basic Principles 37

3.2 Heat 38

3.3 Sensible Heat 38

3.4 Latent Heat 39

3.5 Evaporative Cooling 39

3.6 Convection 40

3.7 Transport 40

3.8 Energy-Transfer Mediums 41

3.9 Radiation 41

3.10 Greenhouse Effect 42

3.11 Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface 43

3.12 Mean Radiant Temperature 44

3.13 Heat Flow 44

3.14 Heat Sink 45

3.15 Heat Capacity 45

3.16 Thermal Resistance 45

3.17 Heat-Flow Coefficient 46

3.18 Time Lag 46

3.19 Insulating Effect of Mass 46

3.20 Energy Conversion 47

3.21 Combined Heat and Power 48

3.22 Fuel Cells 48

3.23 Embodied Energy 49

4 Thermal Comfort 51

4.1 Biological Machine 52

4.2 Thermal Barriers 53

4.3 Metabolic Rate 55

4.4 Thermal Conditions of the Environment 56

4.5 The Psychrometric Chart 56

4.6 Dew-Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 59

4.7 Heat Content of Air 60

4.8 Thermal Comfort 61

4.9 Shifting to the Comfort Zone 62

4.10 Clothing and Comfort 64

4.11 Strategies 65

5 Climate 67

5.2 Climate 68

5.3 Microclimate 71

5.4 Climatic Anomalies 73

5.5 Climate Regions of the United States 74

5.6 Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables 75

5.7 Design Strategies 116

6 Solar Geometry 125

6.2 The Sun 126

6.3 Elliptical Orbit 126

6.4 Tilt of the Earth's Axis 127

6.5 Consequences of the Altitude Angle 128

6.6 Winter 128

6.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth! 128

6.8 Sky Dome 129

6.9 Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles 131

6.10 Solar Time 131

6.11 Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 131

6.12 Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 133

6.13 Sun-Path Models 134

6.14 Solar Site-Evaluation Tools 135

6.15 Sun Machines 136

6.16 Sundials for Model Testing 137

6.17 Integrating Sun Machine & Sun Emulator 138

7 Passive Solar 141

7.1 History 142

7.2 Solar in America 142

7.3 Solar Hemicycle 144

7.4 Latest Rediscovery of Solar 145

7.5 Passive Solar 146

7.6 Direct-Gain Systems 147

7.7 Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems 150

7.9 Trombe Wall Systems 152

7.10 Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems 157

7.12 Sun Spaces 158

7.13 Balcomb House

7.14 Sun-Space Design Guidelines 160

7.15 Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems 162

7.16 General Consideration for Passive Solar Systems 162

7.17 Heat-Storage Materials 165

7.18 Other Passive Heating Systems 166

8 Photovoltaics and Active Solar 171

8.2 The Almost-Ideal Energy Source 172

8.3 History of Photovoltaics (PV) 172

8.4 The Photovoltaic Cell 174

8.5 Types of Photovoltaic Systems 175

8.6 Balance of System Equipment 176

8.7 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 176

8.8 Orientation and Tilt 179

8.9 Roofs Clad with Photovoltaics 179

8.10 Facades Clad with Photovoltaics 180

8.11 Glazing and Photovoltaics 180

8.12 Photovoltaic Shading Devices 182

8.13 Photovoltaics: Part of the Second Tier 182

8.14 Sizing a Photovoltaic System 183

8.15 Finding Photovoltaic Array Size for a Stand-Alone Building by the Short Calculation Method 184

8.16 Design Guidelines 185

8.17 The Promise of Photovoltaics 186

8.18 The Cost-Effectiveness of Active Solar Applications 186

8.19 Active Solar Swimming Pool Heating 188

8.20 Solar Hot-Water Systems 189

8.21 Solar Hot-Air Collectors 191

8.22 Designing an Active Solar System 193

8.23 Active/Passive Solar Systems 195

8.24 Preheating of Ventilation Air 196

8.25 The Future of Active Solar 197

9 Shading 201

9.1 History of Shading 202

9.2 Shading 207

9.3 Orientation of Shading Devices 210

9.4 Movable Shading Devices 212

9.5 Shading Periods of the Year 216

9.6 Horizontal Overhangs 219

9.7 Shading Design for South Windows 220

9.8 Design Guidelines for Fixed South Overhangs 220

9.9 Design Guidelines for Movable South Overhangs 222

9.10 Shading for East and West Windows 223

9.11 Design of East and West Horizontal Overhangs 225

9.12 Design of Slanted Vertical Fins 226

9.13 Design of Fins on North Windows 226

9.14 Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices 227

9.15 Special Shading Strategies 228

9.16 Shading Outdoor Spaces 231

9.17 Using Physical Models for Shading Design 234

9.18 Glazing as the Shading Element 237

9.19 Interior Shading Devices 239

9.20 Shading Coefficient and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) 240

10 Passive Cooling 245

10.1 Introduction to Cooling 246

10.2 Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling 246

10.3 Passive Cooling Systems 254

10.4 Comfort Ventilation Versus Night Flushing 255

10.5 Basic Principles of Air Flow 255

10.6 Air Flow Through Buildings 259

10.7 Example of Ventilation Design 265

10.8 Comfort Ventilation 266

10.9 Night-Flush Cooling 269

10.10 Radiant Cooling 270

10.11 Evaporative Cooling 273

10.12 Earth Cooling 275

10.13 Dehumidification with a Desiccant 277

11 Site Design and Community Planning 279

11.2 Site Selection 283

11.3 Solar Access 285

11.4 Shadow Patterns 289

11.5 Site Planning 292

11.6 Solar Zoning 296

11.7 Physical Models 299

11.8 Wind and Site Design 301

11.9 Plants and Vegetation 308

11.10 Landscaping 315

11.11 Community Design 322

11.12 Cooling Our Communities 322

12 Lighting 325

12.2 Light 328

12.3 Reflectance/Transmittance 330

12.4 Color 331

12.5 Vision 335

12.6 Perception 336

12.7 Performance of a Visual Task 339

12.8 Charactericstics of the Visual Task 340

12.9 Illumination Level 341

12.10 Brightness Ratios 342

12.11 Glare 344

12.12 Equivalent Spherical Illumination 347

12.13 Activity Needs 348

12.14 Biological Needs 351

12.15 Light and Health 352

12.16 The Poetry of Light 352

12.17 Rules for Lighting Design 355

12.18 Career Possibilities 356

13 Daylighting 359

13.1 History of Daylighting 360

13.2 Why Daylighting? 364

13.3 The Nature of Daylight 365

13.4 Conceptual Model 367

13.5 Illumination and the Daylight Factor 368

13.6 Light Without Heat? 369

13.7 Cool Daylight 370

13.8 Goals of Daylighting 371

13.9 Basic Daylighting Strategies 372

13.10 Basic Window Strategies 375

13.11 Advanced Window Strategies 379

13.12 Window Glazing Materials 383

13.13 Top Lighting 384

13.14 Skylight Strategies 384

13.15 Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops 389

13.16 Special Daylighting Techniques 394

13.17 Translucent Walls and Roofs 397

13.18 Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting 399

13.19 Physical Modeling 400

14 Electric Lighting 407

14.1 History of Light Sources 408

14.2 Light Sources 409

14.3 Incandescent Lamps 410

14.4 Discharge Lamps 412

14.5 Fluorescent Lamps 412

14.6 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps (Mercury, Metal-Halide, and High-Pressure Sodium) 416

14.7 Comparison of the

Major Lighting Sources 417

14.8 New Light Sources 418

14.9 Lighting Fixtures (Luminaires) 419

14.10 Lenses, Diffusers, and Baffles 419

14.11 Lighting Systems 421

14.12 Remote-Source Lighting Systems 424

14.13 Visualizing Light Distribution 425

14.14 Architectural Lighting 427

14.15 Maintenance 430

14.16 Switching and Dimming 430

14.17 Rules for Energy-Efficient Electric Lighting Design 430

15 The Thermal Envelope: Keeping Warm and Staying Cool 433

15.2 Heat Loss 435

15.3 Heat Gain 437

15.4 Solar Reflectivity (Albedo) 438

15.5 Compactness, Exposed Area, and Thermal Planning 439

15.6 Insulation Materials 443

15.7 Insulating Walls, Roofs, and Floors 447

15.8 Windows 452

15.9 Movable Insulation 455

15.10 Insulating Effect from Thermal Mass 456

15.11 Earth Sheltering 457

15.12 Moisture Control 463

15.13 Infiltration and Ventilation 466

15.14 Appliances 468

16 Mechanical Equipment for Heating and Cooling 471

16.2 Heating 472

16.3 Thermal Zones 475

16.4 Heating Systems 475

16.5 Electric Heating 476

16.6 Hot-Water (Hydronic) Heating 478

16.7 Hot-Air Systems 481

16.8 Cooling 484

16.9 Refrigeration Cycles 484

16.10 Heat Pumps 486

16.11 Geo-Exchange 487

16.12 Cooling Systems 489

16.13 Air Conditioning for Small Buildings 493

16.14 Air Conditioning for Large Multistory Buildings 496

16.15 Design Guidelines for Mechanical Systems 504

16.16 Air Supply (Ducts and Diffusers) 505

16.17 Ventilation 509

16.18 Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems 510

16.19 Air Filtration and Odor Removal 512

16.20 Special Systems 512

16.21 Integrated and Exposed Mechanical Equipment 514

17.2 Real Goods Solar Living Center 522

17.3 The Urban Villa 530

17.4 The Emerald People's Utility District Headquarters 533

17.5 Hood College Resource Management Center 535

17.6 Colorado Mountain College 538

17.7 Gregory Bateson Building 543

17.8 Hongkong Bank 549

17.9 Commerzbank 554

17.10 Phoenix Central Library 558

Appendix A Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 563

Appendix B Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 565

Appendix C Sun Machine 569

C.1 Construction of Sun Machine 569

C.2 Directions for Initial Set-Up 571

C.3 Directions for Use 572

C.4 Alternate Mode of Use of the Sun Machine 572

Appendix D Methods for Estimating the Height of Trees, Buildings, Etc. 573

D.1 Proportional-Shadow Method 573

D.2 Similar-Triangle Method 573

D.3 45-Degree Right-Triangle Method 574

D.4 Trigonometric Method 574

D.5 Tools for Measuring Vertical Angles 575

Appendix E Sundials 577

Appendix F Sun-Path Models 579

F.1 Directions for Constructing a Sun-Path Model 579

F.2 Directions for Creating Other Orthographic Projections 584

Appendix G Computer Software Useful for the Schematic Design Stage 585

G.1 UCLA Energy Design Tools 585

G.2 Energy Scheming 588

Appendix H Site Evaluation Tools 589

H.1 The Sun Locator 589

H.2 Do-It-Yourself Solar Site Evaluator 589

H.3 Parts List 590

H.4 Construction Process 590

H.5 Using the Solar Site Evaluator 593

Appendix I Educational Opportunities in Energy-Conscious Design 595.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 605-610) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

0471241431

OCLC:

44039359

Online:

Table of Contents