Temperature measurement / L. Michalski ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Michalski, L.

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Yarnall Collection (University of Pennsylvania)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Temperature measurements.

Physical Description:

xv, 501 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Chichester ; New York : J. Wiley, 2001.

Contents:

1. Temperature Scales and Classification of Thermometers 1

1.1 Temperature

Historical Background 1

1.2 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 3

1.3 International Temperature Scales 6

1.3.1 From the Normal Hydrogen Scale to EPT-76 6

1.3.2 The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) 9

1.4 Classification of Thermometers 12

1.4.1 Temperature measuring chains 12

1.4.2 General principles for thermometer classification 13

1.4.3 The non-electrical contacting temperature sensors 14

1.4.4 The electrical contacting temperature sensors 15

1.4.5 The non-contacting group of temperature sensors 15

1.4.6 Temperature measuring ranges of temperature sensors 17

2. Non-Electric Thermometers 19

2.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 19

2.2 Thermometers Using Expansion of Solids 23

2.2.1 Dilatation thermometers 23

2.2.2 Bimetallic thermometers 25

2.3 Manometric Thermometers 28

2.3.1 Liquid-filled thermometers 28

2.3.2 Vapour-pressure thermometers 31

2.3.3 Gas thermometers 32

2.3.4 Summary of properties of manometric thermometers 32

2.4 Temperature Indicators 32

3. Thermoelectric Thermometers 37

3.1 Physical Principles 37

3.1.1 Thermoelectric force 37

3.1.2 Law of the third metal 39

3.1.3 Law of consecutive metals 41

3.1.4 Law of consecutive temperatures 43

3.2 Thermocouples 44

3.2.2 Properties of commonly used thermocouples 46

3.2.3 Measuring junctions 50

3.3 Thermocouple Sensors 52

3.3.1 Construction 52

3.3.2 Sheath materials 53

3.3.3 Review of structures 57

3.4 High Temperature Thermocouples 65

3.5 Compensating Cables 67

3.6 Reference Temperature 72

3.6.1 Calculation of correction 72

3.6.2 Stabilisation and correction techniques 74

3.7 Measuring Circuits 76

3.7.2 Deflection type measuring circuits 77

3.7.3 Potentiometers 78

4. Resistance Thermometers 85

4.1 General and Historical Background 85

4.2 Physical Principles 86

4.3 Resistance Thermometer Detectors (RTDs) 88

4.3.2 Properties of different metals 89

4.3.3 Construction 90

4.4 Resistance Thermometer Sensors 94

4.5 Measuring Circuits 96

4.5.1 Voltage divider circuits 96

4.5.2 Bridge circuits 98

4.5.3 Quotient instruments 101

5. Semiconductor Thermometers 103

5.1 Classification of Semiconductor Thermometers 103

5.2 Thermistor Thermometers 104

5.2.1 Principles of operation 104

5.2.2 Thermistor sensors 109

5.2.3 Correction and linearisation of thermistor characteristics 111

5.2.4 Measuring circuits 112

5.3 Silicon Resistance Thermometers 114

5.4 Diode and Transistor Thermometers 116

5.4.1 Principles of operation 116

5.4.2 Diode thermometers 118

5.4.3 Transistor thermometers 119

5.5 Integrated Circuit Thermometers 121

6. Fibre Optic Thermometers 125

6.1 Properties of Optical Fibres 125

6.2 Classification of Fibre Optic Thermometers 126

6.3 Extrinsic Sensing Thermometers 127

6.3.1 Thermometers with GaAs semiconductor sensors 127

6.3.2 Thermochromic thermometers 128

6.3.3 Fluorescent thermometers 129

6.3.4 Thermometers with black body sensors 132

6.3.5 Thermometers with Fabry-Perot sensors 133

6.3.6 Optical coupling thermometers 134

6.4 Intrinsic Sensing Thermometers 134

6.4.1 Raman scattering thermometers 134

6.4.2 Refractive index thermometers 135

7. Quartz, Ultrasonic and Noise Thermometers and Distributed Parameter Sensors 139

7.1 Quartz Thermometers 139

7.2 Ultrasonic Thermometers 140

7.3 Noise Thermometers 144

7.4 Distributed Parameter Sensors 148

8. Pyrometers Classification and Radiation Laws 151

8.1 Classification of Pyrometers 151

8.2 Radiation, Definitions and Laws 154

8.2.1 Absorption, reflection and transmission of radiation 154

8.2.2 Radiation laws 155

8.2.3 Total emissivity and spectral emissivity 159

8.2.4 Radiant heat exchange 160

9. Manually Operated Pyrometers 163

9.1 Disappearing Filament Pyrometers 163

9.1.1 Principle of operation 163

9.1.2 Red filter 164

9.1.3 Scale defining equation for black bodies 166

9.1.4 Temperature measurement of non-black bodies 167

9.1.5 Extension of measurement range 169

9.1.6 Applications and construction 170

9.2 Two-Colour Pyrometers 172

9.2.2 Scale defining equation 172

9.2.3 Temperature measurement of non-grey bodies 174

10. Automatic Pyrometers 177

10.1 Optical Systems 177

10.1.1 Lenses 177

10.1.2 Light guides 179

10.1.3 Mirrors 180

10.2 Radiation Detectors 181

10.2.1 Thermal detectors 181

10.2.2 Photoelectric detectors 182

10.3 Total Radiation Pyrometers 184

10.3.2 Scale defining equation for black bodies 185

10.3.3 Temperature measurement of non-black bodies 186

10.3.4 Influence of housing temperature 189

10.3.5 Influence of target distance 189

10.3.6 Extension of measurement range 189

10.3.7 Review of construction 190

10.4 Photoelectric Pyrometers 192

10.4.2 Scale defining equation for black bodies 195

10.4.3 Temperature measurement of non-black bodies 196

10.4.4 Review of construction 198

10.5 Two-Wavelength Pyrometers 201

10.5.2 Review of construction 202

10.6 Multi-Wavelength Pyrometers 204

10.6.2 Review of construction 206

11. Practical Applications of Pyrometers 209

11.2 Influence of Target Emissivity 210

11.2.1 Calculation of true temperature 210

11.2.2 Methods of approaching black-body conditions 212

11.3 Influence of Surrounding Walls 216

11.4 Influence of Atmosphere 220

11.4.1 Methods of eliminating and limiting the errors caused by atmosphere absorption 222

11.5 Influence of Other Factors 22

11.6 Summary of Properties and Applications 223

12. Conditioning of Temperature Sensor Output Signals 229

12.2 Methods of Signal Processing in Temperature Measurement 230

12.2.1 Transformation of signal nature 231

12.2.2 Transformation of signal scale 234

12.2.3 Transformation of signal shape 235

12.3 Transmission of Measured Signals 244

12.4 Multi-Channel Temperature Measurements 245

12.5 Transmitters 247

12.6 Indicating Instruments and Recorders 250

12.6.1 Indicating instruments 250

12.6.2 Recorders 252

12.7 Temperature Controllers 256

13. Computerised Temperature Measuring Systems 259

13.1 Trends in Process Instrumentation 259

13.2 Hardware for Computerised Measurement 260

13.2.1 External measuring modules 260

13.2.2 Plug-in data acquisition cards 264

13.3 Software for Computerised Measurement 269

14. Imaging of Temperature Fields of Solids 273

14.2 Surfacial Systems 273

14.3 Linear Systems 276

14.4 Applications 277

15. Dynamic Temperature Measurement 279

15.1.1 Dynamic errors 280

15.1.2 Dynamic properties of temperature sensors 281

15.2 Idealised Sensor 284

15.2.1 Transfer function 285

15.2.2 Measurement of time varying temperature 287

15.3 Real Sensors 291

15.3.1 Sensor design 291

15.3.2 Changing heat transfer coefficient 293

15.3.3 Equivalent transfer function 294

15.3.4 Calculation of dynamic properties of sensors 296

15.4 Experimental Determination of the Dynamic Properties of Sensors 299

15.4.1 Classification and application of the methods 299

15.4.2 External input, time domain testing with convective heat transfer 300

15.4.3 External input, frequency domain testing with convective heat transfer 307

15.4.4 External input with radiative heat transfer 308

15.4.5 Internal input method 311

15.5 Dynamic Properties of Chosen Sensors 313

15.6 Correction of Dynamic Error s 320

15.6.1 Principles of correction 320

15.6.2 Analogue correction 321

15.6.3 Digital correction 325

16. Temperature Measurement of Solid Bodies by Contact Method 333

16.2 Theory of the Contact Method 333

16.2.1 Disturbing temperature field 334

16.2.2 Heat flux entering the sensor 338

16.2.3 Method errors and their reduction 342

16.2.4 Influence of thermal properties of bodies on errors 347

16.3 Sensors for Surface Temperature Measurement

16.3.1 Portable contact sensors 348

16.3.2 Fixed contact sensors 351

16.3.3 Performance comparison of different sensors 352

16.4 Quasi-Contact Method 354

16.5 Extrapolation Method 355

16.6 Measurement of Internal Temperature of Solid Bodies 357

17. Temperature Measurement of Fluids 361

17.1 Low Velocity Gas 361

17.1.1 Contact sensors 361

17.1.2 Methods of reducing errors in contact measurements 365

17.1.3 Indirect pyrometric measurements 371

17.1.4 Direct pyrometric measurements 371

17.2 High Velocity Gas 372

17.3 Still Air 374

17.4 Liquids 375

17.5 High Temperature Gas and Plasma 375

18. Temperature Measurement of Transparent Solid Bodies 381

18.1 Pyrometric, Contactless Method 381

18.2 Contact Methods 386

19. Temperature Measurement of Moving Bodies 387

19.2 Pyrometric Contactless Methods 387

19.3 Sliding Contact Method 390

19.4 Inductive Circuits 390

19.5 Wireless Systems 391

19.6 Friction Sensors and 'Quasi-Contactless' Method 392

19.7 Other Methods 394

20. Temperature Measurement in Industrial Appliances 397

20.2 Chamber Furnaces 397

20.2.1 Internal furnace temperature 398

20.2.3 Charge temperature 399

20.2.4 Measurements for temperature control 399

20.3 Continuous Furnaces 401

20.4 Salt-Bath Furnaces 403

20.5 Glass Tank Furnaces 404

20.6 Induction Heated Charges 405

20.7 Dielectric Heated Charges 407

20.8 Molten Metals 408

20.9 Temperature Measurement in Hazardous Areas 409

21. Temperature Measurement in Medicine 413

21.2 Measurement for Diagnosis 413

21.3 Therapeutic and Diagnostic Measurement Using High Frequency Magnetic Fields 416

21.4 Other Measurements 417

22. Calibration and Testing of Temperature Measuring Instruments 419

22.2 Fixed Points of ITS-90 420

22.2.1 General information 420

22.2.2 Realisation of fixed points 421

22.3 Primary Standards 425

22.4 Working Standards 429

22.5 Testing of Industrial Thermometers 431

22.5.2 Variable volume thermometers 431

22.5.3 Resistance thermometer sensor 432

22.5.4 Thermocouples 433

22.5.5 Disappearing filament pyrometers 436

22.5.6 Total radiation, photoelectric, two-colour and two-wavelength pyrometers 437

22.6 Auxiliary Equipment 437

22.6.1 Fixed points 437

22.6.2 Thermometer testing baths 439

22.6.3 Testing furnaces 441

22.6.4 Black bodies 445

22.7 Calibrators 447.

Notes:

Rev. ed. of: Temperature measurement / L. Michalski, K. Eckersdorf, and J. McGhee. c1991.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

Related Work:

Michalski, L. Pomiary temperatury. English

ISBN:

0471867799

OCLC:

44425424