Design of medical electronic devices / Reinaldo Perez.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Perez, Reinaldo.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Medical instruments and apparatus.

Medical electronics.

Medical electronics--Equipment and supplies.

Medical electronics--Technological innovations.

Electronics, Medical--instrumentation.

Equipment and Supplies.

Equipment Design.

Medical Subjects:

Electronics, Medical--instrumentation.

Equipment and Supplies.

Equipment Design.

Physical Description:

xi, 279 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

San Diego : Academic Press, [2002]

Summary:

The design of medical electronics is unique because of the background needed by the engineers and scientists involved. Often the designer is a medical or life science professional without any training in electronics or design. Likewise, few engineers are specifically trained in biomedical engineering and have little or no exposure to the specific medical requirements of these devices. Design of Medical Electronic Devices presents all essential topics necessary for basic and advanced design. All aspects of the electronics of medical devices are also covered. This is an essential book for graduate students as well as professionals involved in the design of medical equipment. Covers every stage of the process, from design to manufacturing to implementation Topics covered include analogue/digital conversions, data acquisition, signal processing, optics, and reliability and failure

Contents:

1 Proper Design of Power Subsystems in Medical Electronics 3

1.1 Electromagnetic Interference Requirements 3

1.2 Transient Voltage Protection 3

1.3 Electromagnetic Interference 8

1.3.1 Electromagnetic Interference Requirement 8

1.4 Inrush Current Control 12

1.5 Soft Start 13

1.6 Overvoltage Protection 14

1.7 Undervoltage Protection 14

1.8 Overload Protection 16

1.9 Snubber Circuits 17

1.10 Output Filtering 19

1.11 Power Failure Warning 21

1.12 Flightback Switch Mode Power Supplies 22

1.13 Half-Bridge Flyback Converter 24

1.14 Forward Converter 26

1.15 High-Voltage Defibrillators 28

2 Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 33

2.1 Early History of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 33

2.2 General Review of MRI 37

2.3 A More Detailed Overview of MRI 40

2.3.1 The Physics of Spin 41

2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hardware Design 50

2.5 Pulsing and NMR Imaging 53

3 Particle Accelerator Design 57

3.2 Heavy Particles 60

3.3 Particle Accelerators 60

3.4 Linear RF Accelerators 63

3.5 Particles Accelerated by a Magnetic Field 64

3.6 Synchrotrons 66

3.7 Accelerator Hardware 67

3.8 Magnetrons 69

3.9 Accelerator Architecture 70

3.9.1 Traveling Wave Accelerator System 71

3.9.2 Standing Wave Accelerator 71

4 Sensor Characteristics 75

4.1 Sensor Parameters 75

4.2 Physical Principles of Sensing 78

4.3 Sensor Interfacing 79

4.4 Driving Bridges 80

4.5 Signal-Conditioning Amplifiers 84

4.5.1 Noise 84

4.6 Instrumentation Amplifiers 86

4.7 Chopper-Stabilized Amplifiers 88

4.8 Isolation Amplifier 89

4.9 Strain, Force, Pressure, and Flow Sensors 90

4.10 High-Impedance Sensors 93

4.11 High-Impedance Charge Output 95

4.12 Charge-Coupled Device Sensors 95

4.13 Position and Motion Sensors 98

4.13.1 Linear Variable Differential Transformers 98

4.13.2 Hall Effect Magnetic Sensors 100

4.13.3 Optical Encoders 102

4.13.4 Accelerometers 102

4.14 Temperature Sensors 104

5 Data Acquisition 109

5.2 Sample and Hold Conversion 110

5.3 Multichannel Acquisition 111

5.4 High-Speed Sampling in ADCs 112

5.5 Selection of Drive Amplifier for ADC Performance 116

5.6 Driving ADCs with Switched Capacitor Inputs 118

5.7 Gain Setting and Level Shifting 120

5.8 High-Speed Sampling ADC External Reference Voltage Generation 122

5.9 ADC Input Protection 123

5.10 Noise Considerations in High-Speed Sampling ADCs 124

5.11 Multichannel Applications for Data Acquisition Systems 128

5.12 External Protection of Amplifiers 131

5.13 High-Speed ADC Architectures 135

5.13.1 Basic Flash Converter Operation 135

5.13.2 Driving Flash Converters 135

5.13.3 Successive Approximation ADCs 138

5.13.4 Subranging ADCs 139

6 Noise and Interference Issues in Analog Circuits 143

6.1 Basic Noise Calculation in Op-Amps 143

6.1.1 Thermal Noise 144

6.2 Fundamental Op-Amp Specifications 146

6.3 Input Offset Voltage 151

6.4 The Noise Gain of Op-Amps 152

6.5 Slew Rate and Power Bandwidth of Op-Amps 152

6.6 Gain-Bandwidth Products 153

6.7 Internal Noise in Op-Amps 154

6.8 Noise Issues in High-Speed ADC Applications 157

6.9 Proper Power Supply Decoupling 159

6.10 Bypass Capacitors and Resonances 162

6.11 Usage of Two or More Bypass Capacitors 166

6.12 Designing Power Bus Rails in Power-Ground Planes for Noise Control 168

6.13 The Effect of Trace Resistance 171

6.14 ASIC Signal Integrity Issues (Ground Bounce) 176

6.15 Crosstalk through PC Card Pins 179

6.16 Parasitic Extraction and Verification Tools for ASIC 181

7 Hardware Approach to Digital Signal Processing 185

7.1 Discrete Fast Fourier Transform 185

7.2 Determining the Proper FFT Record Length 186

7.3 Coherent and Noncoherent Sampling 188

7.4 Coherent vs Noncoherent Sampling 189

7.5 Ultrasound Application 191

7.6 Discrete Time Sampling of Analog Signals 194

7.7 Digital Signal Processing Techniques 196

7.8 Finite Impulse Response Digital Filters 197

7.9 Infinite Impulse Response Digital Filters 200

7.10 Fast Fourier Transform 202

7.11 FFT Hardware Implementation 204

7.11.1 DSP Hardware 205

7.11.2 Arithmetic Logic Unit 207

7.11.3 Multiplier-Accumulator 208

7.11.4 Shifter 210

7.11.5 Data Address Generators 211

7.11.6 Program Sequencer 212

7.11.7 Serial Ports 213

7.11.8 System Interface 214

7.11.9 Interfacing ADCs and DACs to Digital Signal Processors 214

7.11.10 Parallel ADC-to-DSP Interface 217

7.11.11 Parallel Interfacing to DSP Processors: Writing Data to Memory-Mapped DACs 220

7.11.12 Parallel DAC-to-DSP Interface 220

7.11.13 Serial Interfacing to DSP Processors 223

7.11.14 Serial ADC-to-DSP Interface 225

7.11.15 Serial DAC-to-DSP Interface 227

7.11.16 Interfacing I-O Ports and CODECs to DSPs 229

7.11.17 Serial versus Parallel DSP Interface Summary 233

7.12 Practical Use of DSP: DSP Helps the Hearing Impaired 234

8 Optical Sensors 237

8.1 Charge-Coupled Devices 237

8.1.1 CCD Arrays 240

8.1.2 Interline Transfer 240

8.2 Optical Fiber 242

8.2.1 Classification and Features of Optical Fibers 244

8.3 Analysis of Optical Fibers 251

8.3.1 The Step-Index Fiber 251

8.4 The Graded-Index Fiber 257

8.5 CT Scanners in Medicine 259

8.5.1 Sectional Imaging 261

8.5.2 Digital Imaging 263

8.6 The Endoscope 263

8.7 Digital X Rays 264

8.8 Medical Sensors from Fiber Optics 268

8.8.1 Fiber Optics for Circulatory and Respiratory Systems 269.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0125507119

OCLC:

48466957