Bacterial disease mechanisms : an introduction to cellular microbiology / Michael Wilson, Rod McNab and Brian Henderson.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Wilson, Michael, 1947 April 12-

Contributor:

Henderson, Brian (Professor)

McNab, Rod.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pathogenic bacteria.

Medical bacteriology.

Molecular microbiology.

Bacteriology.

Disease--etiology.

Medical Subjects:

Bacteriology.

Disease--etiology.

Physical Description:

xxix, 656 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Summary:

Introductory textbook describing the ways in which bacteria cause disease at the molecular and cellular level.

Contents:

Chapter 1 An introduction to bacterial diseases 1

1.2 The normal bacterial flora of humans 2

1.2.1 The skin 7

1.2.2 The oral cavity 9

1.2.3 The respiratory tract 10

1.2.4 The gastrointestinal tract 12

1.2.5 The urogenital tract 15

1.3 Bacteria and disease 16

1.3.1 Types of host-bacteria interaction 16

1.3.2 Diseases caused by members of the normal microflora 18

1.3.2.1 Damage to the epithelium 20

1.3.2.2 The presence of a foreign body 21

1.3.2.3 The transfer of bacteria to sites where they are not part of the normal microflora 21

1.3.2.4 Suppression of the immune system by drugs or radiation 22

1.3.2.5 Impairment of host defences due to infection by an exogenous pathogen 22

1.3.2.6 Disruption of the normal microflora by antibiotics 23

1.3.2.7 Unknown precipitating factor 23

1.3.3 Exogenous infections 24

1.4 The spectrum of bacterial diseases 26

1.4.1 Infections that are not usually accompanied by tissue invasion and dissemination 28

1.4.1.1 Infections confined to mucosal surfaces 28

1.4.1.2 Infections confined to the skin 31

1.4.2 Infections accompanied by tissue invasion and dissemination 33

1.4.2.1 Causative organism produces an exotoxin 33

1.4.2.2 Causative organism does not produce an exotoxin 34

1.6 Introduction to the paradigm organisms 37

1.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 37

1.6.2 Escherichia coli 39

Chapter 2 Bacterial cell biology 46

2.2 Bacterial ultrastructure 47

2.2.1 Size, shape and organisation 47

2.2.2 Cytoplasmic membrane 49

2.2.3 Cytoplasm 50

2.2.4 Bacterial cell wall 50

2.2.4.1 Gram-positive cell wall 51

2.2.4.2 Gram-negative cell wall 53

2.2.4.3 Cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. 54

2.2.5 Surface appendages 55

2.2.6 Cell-surface-associated components 56

2.3 Bacterial cell cycle 57

2.4 Sporulation 59

2.5 Bacterial protein secretion systems 61

2.5.1 The general secretory pathway 62

2.5.2 The Tat export pathway 64

2.5.3 Terminal branches of the GSP 66

2.5.3.1 The main terminal branch (type II secretion) 67

2.5.3.2 The chaperone

usher pathway 69

2.5.3.3 Type IV secretion 69

2.5.4 Type I secretion 70

2.5.5 Type III secretion 72

2.6 Genetic aspects of bacterial virulence 75

2.6.1 Gene regulation 76

2.6.1.1 Sensing changes in the environment 76

2.6.1.2 Gene transcription 77

2.6.1.3 Gene induction and repression 79

2.6.2 Antigenic and phase variation 82

2.6.2.1 DNA inversion 82

2.6.2.2 DNA recombination 84

2.6.2.3 Slipped-strand mispairing 85

2.6.2.4 Epigenetic variation 86

2.6.2.5 Point mutations 86

2.6.3 Mobile genetic elements 87

2.6.3.1 Plasmids 87

2.6.3.2 Bacteriophages 88

2.6.3.3 Transposable elements 89

2.6.4 Pathogenicity islands 92

2.7 Bacterial biofilms 96

2.9 Cell biology of the paradigm organisms 102

2.9.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 102

2.9.2 Escherichia coli 105

Chapter 3 Molecular analysis of bacterial virulence mechanisms 111

3.2 Mutational analysis 113

3.2.1 Directed mutagenesis 113

3.2.2 Random mutagenesis 116

3.2.3 Signature-tagged mutagenesis 117

3.3 Protein expression approaches 121

3.3.1 Surface and secreted proteins 121

3.3.2 Proteomics 124

3.3.2.1 Proteomic methodology 124

3.3.2.2 Proteomics in microbiology 129

3.4 Subtractive and differential analysis of mRNA 130

3.5 In vivo expression technology 134

3.6 Reporter systems 137

3.7 Genomic approaches 141

3.8 Assessing gene expression using DNA microarrays 144

3.9 Eukaryotic molecular methods 146

3.9.1 Yeast two-hybrid screening 146

3.9.1.1 Description of the technique 146

3.9.1.2 Use of the two-hybrid system in investigating bacterial virulence factors 148

3.9.2 Transgenesis and the generation of gene knockouts 149

3.9.2.1 Description of the technique 149

3.9.2.2 Knockout mice in bacterial virulence research 151

3.9.3 Dominant-negative mutants 153

3.9.3.1 Description of the technique 153

3.9.3.2 Use of dominant-negative mutants in the study of bacterial virulence 155

3.9.4 Oligonucleotide-based gene inactivation 156

Chapter 4 Communication in infection 162

4.2 Eukaryotic cell signalling 164

4.2.1 A brief overview of eukaryotic cell-cell signalling 164

4.2.2 Cell receptors for signal transduction 165

4.2.2.1 Ion channel receptors 166

4.2.2.2 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) 166

4.2.2.3 The GTPase superfamily 169

4.2.2.4 Receptors with inherent enzymic activity 170

4.2.2.5 Receptors linked to a separate cytoplasmic enzyme 172

4.2.3 Intracellular signal transduction 172

4.2.3.1 The basic building blocks of intracellular signal transduction 174

4.2.4 Signal transduction and selective gene transcription 182

4.2.4.1 The JAK/STAT pathway of gene activation 183

4.2.4.2 Gene transcription via the MAP kinase pathways 184

4.2.5 Signal transduction and the cell cytoskeleton 188

4.2.5.1 Integrins and cell signalling 189

4.2.5.2 Small GTPases and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton 189

4.2.6 Cyokines: key host signalling molecules 192

4.2.6.1 A brief history of cytokines 193

4.2.6.2 Properties of cytokines 194

4.2.6.3 Cytokine nomenclature 195

4.2.6.4 Biological actions of cytokines 195

4.2.6.5 Cytokine networks 200

4.2.6.6 Cytokine structure and cytokine receptors 201

4.3 Prokaryotic cell signalling 209

4.3.1 Intracellular signalling in prokaryotes 209

4.3.1.2 Two-component signal transduction 211

4.3.1.3 Other signal transduction pathways in bacteria 216

4.3.1.4 Monitoring of the internal environment of the bacterium 216

4.3.2 Cell-cell signalling in bacteria 216

4.3.2.1 Quorum sensing 216

4.3.2.2 Bacterial cytokines 224

4.4 Bacterial reception of host signals 225

4.6 Signalling in the paradigm organisms 229

4.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 229

4.6.2 Escherichia coli 230

4.6.2.1 Intracellular signalling 230

4.6.2.2 Intercellular signalling 231

4.6.2.3 Host-bacteria signalling 231

Chapter 5 The mucosal surface: the front line of antibacterial defence 238

5.3 The mucosal surface 241

5.3.1 Epithelial cells and epithelia 242

5.4 Mucosal antibacterial defences 246

5.4.1 The mucosal surface as a physical barrier to bacteria 246

5.4.2 Antibacterial chemicals produced by the mucosae 248

5.4.3 Antibacterial biomolecules produced by the mucosae 248

5.4.3.1 Mucin 249

5.4.3.2 Lysozyme 249

5.4.3.3 Lactoferrin 251

5.4.3.4 Lactoperoxidase 252

5.4.3.5 Secretory phospholipase A[subscript 2] 253

5.4.3.6 Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor 253

5.4.3.7 Trefoil peptides 253

5.4.3.8 Acute phase proteins 254

5.4.3.9 Collectins 254

5.4.3.10 Secretory IgA 254

5.4.3.11 Antibacterial peptides 255

5.4.4 Overview of the synthesis of antibacterials by mucosal epithelial cells 260

5.5 The mucosal epithelium as a shedding surface 260

5.6 The normal microflora as an antibacterial agent 263

5.7 Other cell populations in mucosal epithelia 266

5.7.1 M cells 266

5.7.2 Paneth cells 268

5.7.3 Intra-epithelial lymphocytes 269

5.8 The mucosal epithelium as a watchdog 269

5.9 Concept check 271

5.10 The paradigm organisms and mucosal surfaces 272

5.10.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 272

5.10.2 Escherichia coli 273

Chapter 6 Immune defences against bacteria 278

6.2 How would you design an immune system to defend yourself against bacteria? 280

6.3 The cell populations involved in immunity to bacteria 282

6.3.1 Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells 283

6.3.2 Granulocytes 285

6.3.3 Mast cells and basophils 287

6.3.4 Lymphocytes 288

6.3.5 M cells 292

6.3.6 Vascular endothelial cells 292

6.4 The soluble effector molecules of inflammation and immunity 294

6.4.1 Acute phase proteins 294

6.4.2 Complement system 295

6.4.3 Antibodies 296

6.4.4 Cytokines 297

6.5 Organisation of the immune system 298

6.6 Innate immunity 303

6.6.1 How do you recognise a pathogen? 304

6.6.1.1 Pattern recognition receptors 304

6.6.1.2 Drosophila, Toll, Toll-like receptors and the Ips locus 307

6.6.1.3 Complement: a recognition and effector system of antibacterial defence 308

6.6.2 Phagocytes and phagocytosis of bacteria 314

6.6.2.1 Receptors involved in phagocytosis 314

6.6.2.2 Phagosomes, vesicular transport and generation of the phagolysosome 318

6.6.2.3 Bacterial killing in the phagolysosome 319

6.7 Acquired immunity 321

6.7.1 Generation of diversity (GOD) 323

6.7.2 Major histocompatibility complex proteins and antigen presentation 324

6.7.2.1 MHC proteins 324

6.7.2.2 An introduction to antigen presentation 326

6.7.3 Functions of effector T cell populations 337

6.7.3.1 CD4 effector mechanisms: Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes 340

6.7.3.2 The Th1/Th2 paradigm 340

6.7.3.3 Generation of Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes 341

6.7.3.4 Effector functions of Th1 lymphocytes 342

6.8 A brief overview of the immune response to bacterial infections 344

6.9 Concept check 347

6.10 Immune defences and the paradigm organisms 347

6.10.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 347

6.10.2 Escherichia coli 348

Chapter 7 Bacterial adhesion as a virulence mechanism 353

7.2 To what do bacteria adhere? 355

7.2.1 Adhesion to external body surfaces 355

7.2.2 Adhesion to internal surfaces 357

7.2.3 Adhesion under the microscope - to what do bacteria really adhere? 358

7.3 Mechanisms involved in bacterial adhesion 360

7.3.1 Pre-adhesion events 360

7.3.2 Adhesive interactions 362

7.3.2.1 Hydrophobic interactions 362

7.3.2.2 Cation-bridging 363

7.3.2.3 Receptor-ligand binding 363

7.3.3 Bacterial structures involved in adhesion 364

7.3.3.1 What bacterial structures are involved in adhesion? 364

7.3.3.2 What is the nature of the adhesins on the structures involved in adhesion? 367

7.3.4 Host molecules functioning as receptors 370

7.4 Tissue tropism 373

7.5 Consequences of bacterial adhesion 375

7.5.1 Effects on the bacterium 376

7.5.2 Effects on the host 377

7.5.2.1 Epithelial cells 377

7.5.2.2 Fibroblasts 389

7.5.2.3 Endothelial cells 390

7.5.2.4 Phagocytic cells 392

7.6 Prevention of bacterial adhesion 393 2 7.7 Concept check 395

7.8 Adhesion of the paradigm organisms 395

7.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 395

7.8.2 Escherichia coli 399

Chapter 8 Bacterial invasion as a virulence mechanism 405

8.2 Invasion mechanisms 409

8.2.1 Invasion of epithelial cells 412

8.2.1.1 Invasion involving actin rearrangements 413

8.2.1.2 Invasion involving microtubules 432

8.2.1.3 Paracytosis 433

8.2.2 Invasion of vascular endothelial cells 435

8.2.2.1 Neisseria meningitidis 435

8.2.2.2 Listeria monocytogenes 436

8.2.2.3 Citrobacter freundii 437

8.2.2.4 Bartonella henselae 437

8.2.2.5 [beta]-Haemolytic streptococci 437

8.2.2.6 Streptococcus pneumoniae 437

8.3 Consequences of invasion 441

8.3.1 Effects on host cells 441

8.3.1.1 Cytokine release 442

8.3.1.2 Prostaglandin release 443

8.3.1.3 Effects on the expression of adhesion molecules and neutrophil adhesion 443

8.3.1.4 Cell death 444

8.3.1.5 Synthesis of tissue factor 444

8.3.2 Effects on bacteria 446

8.4 Bacterial survival and growth subsequent to invasion 447

8.4.1 Intracellular lifestyle 448

8.4.1.1 Survival within vacuoles 448

8.4.1.2 Survival in the cytoplasm of the host cell 452

8.4.2 Extracellular lifestyle 455

8.6 Invasion of host cells by the paradigm organisms 456

8.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 456

8.6.2 Escherichia coli 458

Chapter 9 Bacterial exotoxins 466

9.2 Classification of toxins by their activity 467

9.3 Type I (membrane-acting) toxins 468

9.3.1 Stable toxin (ST) family 469

9.3.2 Bacterial superantigens 472

9.4 Type II (membrane-damaging) toxins 473

9.4.1 Channel-forming toxins 473

9.4.1.1 Channel formation involving [beta]-sheet-containing toxins 473

9.4.1.2 Channel formation involving [alpha]-helix-containing toxins 477

9.4.1.3 'Thiol-activated' cholesterol-binding cytolysins 478

9.4.1.4 RTX toxins 483

9.4.2 Toxins that damage membranes enzymically 487

9.4.2.1 Phospholipases 487

9.4.2.2 Proteases 487

9.5 Type III (intracellular) toxins 487

9.5.1 AB[subscript 5] toxins 489

9.5.1.1 The cholera toxin paradigm 489

9.5.1.2 Same organisation, different function: Shiga toxins are N-glycosidases 492

9.5.2 ADP-ribosylation is a common toxin activity 496

9.5.2.1 Pertussis toxin, a variant AB[subscript 5] design 496

9.5.2.2 ADP-ribosyltransferases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 497

9.5.2.3 Binary ADP-ribosylating toxins 498

9.5.3 Other AB toxin activities 498

9.5.3.1 Glucosyltransferase 498

9.5.3.2 Deamidase 499

9.5.3.3 Protease 500

9.5.3.4 Adenylyl cyclase 501

9.5.4 Type III secretion and toxin 'injection' 502

9.5.4.1 Yersinia spp. 503

9.5.4.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 503

9.5.5 Type IV secretion and toxin 'injection' 504

9.6 Toxins as therapeutic agents 505

9.6.1 Vaccines 505

9.6.2 Mucosal vaccines 505

9.6.3 Chimeric immunotoxins 506

9.6.4 Muscle spasms 507

9.8 Toxins produced by the paradigm organisms 507

9.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 507

9.8.2 Escherichia coli 509

Chapter 10 Bacterial evasion of host defence mechanisms 514

10.2 Evasion of immune defences at mucosal surfaces 516

10.2.1 Evasion of secretory IgA 516

10.2.2 Evasion of antibacterial peptides 519

10.3 Cytokines in antibacterial defence: mechanisms of microbial evasion 520

10.3.1 Modulins 522

10.3.2 Virokines and viroceptors 524

10.3.2.1 Virokines 525

10.3.2.2 Viroceptors 527

10.3.2.3 Cytokine transcription 527

10.3.3 Bacterial evasion of cytokines 527

10.4 Evasion of innate immune mechanisms 532

10.4.1 Complement evasion 532

10.4.1.1 Bacterial capsules 533

10.4.1.2 Proteases and complement evasion 533

10.4.1.3 Interference with complement regulatory proteins 534

10.4.2 Evasion of phagocytic killing 537

10.4.2.1 Evasion of killing by means of type III secretion systems 538

10.4.2.2 Intracellular parasitism: a novel mechanism to evade phagocytosis 540

10.4.3 Evasion of antigen processing 547

10.5 Evasion of acquired immunity 548

10.5.1 Evasion of antibodies 550

10.5.1.1 Bacterial immunoglobulin-binding proteins 550

10.5.1.2 Antigenic variation 551

10.5.2 Superantigens and evasion of T lymphocyte responses 554

10.6 Bacterial control of the cell cycle and apoptosis as evasion mechanisms 558

10.6.1 Bacterial inhibition of cell cycle progression 558

10.6.1.1 The eukaryotic cell cycle 558

10.6.1.2 Bacterial proteins with the ability to control cell cycle progression 559

10.6.2 Bacterial control of apoptosis 563

10.6.2.1 The mechanism of apoptosis 564

10.6.2.2 Bacterial control of the apoptotic process 569

10.8 Evasion of host defences by the paradigm organisms 575

10.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 575

10.8.2 Escherichia coli 576

Chapter 11 Bacteria in human health and disease: the future? 583

11.2 Identification of bacterial virulence genes and virulence mechanisms in vivo 585

11.2.1 Caenorhabditis elegans and bacterial virulence 586

11.2.2 Study of bacterial pathogenic mechanisms in humans 587

11.3 Development of new antibacterials 589

11.3.1 Inhibition of bacterial adhesion 590

11.3.2 Antibacterial peptides 592

11.3.3 Antisense 592

11.3.4 Other approaches 592

11.3.5 New targets from genomics 593

11.3.6 Using genomics to identify vaccine candidates 594

11.4 Genomics to identify the basics of life 594

11.5 Bacteria and idiopathic diseases 595

11.5.1 Helicobacter pylori, ulcers and cancer 597

11.5.2 Bacteria and heart disease 598

11.5.3 Other diseases possibly caused by bacteria 602

11.5.3.1 Psoriasis 602

11.5.3.2 Kidney stones 602

11.5.3.3 Asthma and the hygiene hypothesis 603

11.6 Conversations with the normal microflora 604

11.6.1 Vibrio fischeri and the bobtail squid 604

11.6.2 The mammalian intestine: another host-microbe interface 607

11.6.2.1 Alterations in intestinal anatomy/renewal in gnotobiotic mice 607

11.6.2.2 Alterations in the GALT of gnotobiotic mice 609

11.6.2.3 Alteration in epithelial cell differentiation in gnotobiotic mice 609

11.6.3 Wolbachia pipientis and insect reproduction 611.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0521792509 :

052179689X

OCLC:

48572034