Neuroscience for the study of communicative disorders / Subash C. Bhatnagar.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bhatnagar, Subhash Chandra.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Central Nervous System--anatomy & histology.

Central Nervous System--physiology.

Communication Disorders--physiopathology.

Communicative disorders--Pathophysiology.

Communicative disorders.

Neurosciences.

Physiology, Pathological.

Medical Subjects:

Central Nervous System--anatomy & histology.

Central Nervous System--physiology.

Communication Disorders--physiopathology.

Physical Description:

xx, 440 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 28 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, [2002]

Summary:

This revised, updated Second Edition continues to give students a strong foundation in neuroanatomy as it applies to speech-language pathology and audiology. New features include: additional and revised color illustrations and tables to reinforce technical details; an expanded clinical discussion section with more case studies; and a technical glossary in the appendix. This concise, yet comprehensive, user-friendly book is the only neuroscience text that meets the educational needs of students who study communication disorders. For more information, visit http: //connection.LWW.com/go/bhatnager.

Contents:

1 Scope, Principles, and Elements of Neuroscience 1

Relationship Between Neuroscience and Speech-Language-Hearing Pathology 1

Domain of Neuroscience 1

Domain of Speech-Language-Hearing Pathology 2

Need for Training in Neuroscience 2

Nature of Training in Neuroscience 2

Benefits of Training in Neuroscience 2

Scope of Neuroscience 3

Neurology 3

Neurosurgery 4

Neuroanatomy 4

Neuroradiology 4

Neuroembryology 4

Neurophysiology 4

Neuropathology 5

Principles Governing Functional Organization of the Human Brain 5

Interconnectivity in the Brain 5

Centrality of the Central Nervous System 5

Hierarchy of Neuraxial Organization 5

Laterality of Brain Organization 5

Bilateral Anatomical Symmetry 5

Unilateral Functional Differences 6

Contralateral Sensorimotor Control 6

Structural and Functional Specialization 6

Topographical Organization in Cortical Pathways 6

Plasticity in the Brain 7

Nonmythical Brain 7

Orientation to Basic Terminology 7

Directional Brain Orientation 7

Planes of Brain Section 7

Terms Relating to Movement 8

Terms Relating to Muscles 9

Gross Structures of the Central Nervous System 11

Functional Classification of Nervous System 12

Cellular Organization (Cytoarchitecture) and Brodmann Areas 13

Techniques for Solving Problems When Learning Neuroscience 14

Simplification of Technical Terminology 14

Visual Approach to Neuroscience 15

Functional Context for Learning Neuroanatomy 16

Deductive Reasoning and Problem Solving 16

Rules for Lesion Localization 16

2 Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous System 21

Structures of Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 21

Primary Divisions of the Brain 23

Gross Structures of the Brain 23

Telencephalon 23

Cerebral Hemispheres 23

Cortical Surfaces 24

Additional Structures 35

Limbic Lobe 38

Basal Ganglia 38

Diencephalon 42

Thalamus 42

Hypothalamus 42

Brainstem 42

Midbrain 44

Pons 45

Medulla Oblongata 47

Cerebellum 47

Cerebellar Peduncles 48

Input to Cerebellum 48

Output From Cerebellum 48

Spinal Cord 48

Ventricles 55

Lateral Ventricles 56

Third Ventricle 56

Fourth Ventricle 58

Medullary Centers in the Brain 58

Projection Fibers 58

Association Fibers 59

Commissural Fibers 61

Meninges of the Brain 62

Dura Mater 62

Falx Cerebri 64

Tentorium Cerebelli 64

Falx Cerebelli 64

Arachnoid Membrane 64

Pia Mater 64

Meninges of the Spinal Cord 67

Spinal Dura Mater 67

Spinal Arachnoid Membrane 67

Spinal Pia Mater 68

Cranial Nerves 68

Functions 68

Autonomic Nervous System 71

Lesion Localization 71

Rule 1 Cortical Lesion 71

Presenting Symptoms 71

Rationale 72

Rule 2 Subcortical Lesion 72

Presenting Symptoms 72

Clinical Considerations 73

3 Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System 76

Anatomical Orientation Landmarks 76

Shapes of Corticospinal Fibers 76

Shape of Ventricular Cavity 78

Spinal Cord in Cross-Sections 78

Sacral Section 78

Lumbar Section 79

Thoracic Section 79

Cervical Section 79

Brainstem in Transverse Sections 81

Medulla Oblongata 81

Caudal Medulla 82

Lower (Caudal) Third of Medulla 83

Middle Third of Medulla 84

Rostral Third of Medulla 86

Pons 87

Lower Pons 87

Middle Pons 87

Pontomidbrain Junction 89

Midbrain 91

Caudal Midbrain 91

Rostral Midbrain 91

High Rostral Midbrain 93

Midbrain-Diencephalon Junction 94

Forebrain in Coronal Sections 96

Coronal Section Through Posterior Thalamus 98

Coronal Section Through Midthalamus 98

Coronal Section Through Anterior Thalamus 101

Coronal Section Through Anterior Commissure 101

Coronal Section Through Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule and Caudate Head 101

Coronal Section Through Anterior Horn 106

Forebrain in Horizontal Sections 106

4 Embryological Development of the Central Nervous System 111

Human Chromosomes, Genes, and Cell Division 111

Early Human Development 112

Gametogenesis 112

Fertilization and First Week of Development 114

Second Week of Development 114

Third Week of Development 116

Development of the Central Nervous System 116

Neural Plate, Neural Tube, and Neural Crest 116

Brain 116

Prosencephalon, or Forebrain 119

Mesencephalon, or Midbrain 120

Rhombencephalon, or Hindbrain 120

Spinal Cord 120

Clinical Considerations 120

Abnormal Development of the Central Nervous System 120

Anencephaly 121

Cranium Bifidum 122

Spina Bifida 122

Hydrocephalus 122

Microcephaly 122

Peripheral Nervous System 122

Normal Development 122

Abnormal Development 123

5 Nerve Cells 125

Neuron 125

Nerve Cell Structure 125

Cell Body 125

Dendritic and Axonal Processes 126

Myelin Sheath 127

Synapse 127

Nerve Cell Types 127

Neuronal Circuits 128

Neuroglial Cells 128

Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 130

Nerve Impulse 130

Nerve Excitability 131

Impulse Conduction 132

Neuronal Responses to Brain Injuries 132

Axonal Reaction 133

Wallerian Degeneration 134

Neuroglial Responses 134

Axonal Regeneration in Peripheral Nervous System 135

Axonal Regeneration in Central Nervous System 135

Neurotransmitters 135

Acetylcholine 135

Monoamines 137

Dopamine 137

Norepinephrine 137

Serotonin 138

[gamma]-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) 138

Peptides 138

Drug Treatment Principles 138

Clinical Considerations 138

Multiple Sclerosis 138

Myasthenia Gravis 139

6 Diencephalon: Thalamus and Associated Structures 142

Gross Anatomy of Diencephalon 142

Thalamus 142

Thalamic Structure 143

Projections and Functions of Thalamic Nuclei 145

Anterior Nucleus 145

Medial Nuclear Complex 146

Lateral Nuclear Complex 147

Ventral Nuclear Complex 148

Additional Nuclei in the Thalamus 149

Reticular Nucleus 149

Intralaminar Nuclei 149

Functional Classification of Thalamic Nuclei 149

Specific Thalamic Nuclei 149

Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei 150

Epithalamus 150

Subthalamus 150

Hypothalamus 150

Cognitive Functions of Thalamus 150

Thalamic Syndrome 151

7 Somatosensory System 153

Somatosensation 153

Types of Sensation 153

Specialized Receptors 154

Encapsulated Endings 154

Free Nerve Endings 155

Expanded Tip Endings 155

Three-Neuron Organization of Somatosensory System 155

Innervation Pattern 155

Anatomical Division of Somatosensory System 156

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System 156

Receptors 157

Neural Pathways 157

Clinical Considerations and Assessment 159

Anterolateral System 160

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract 160

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract 163

Trigeminal Nerve 165

Three-Neuron Organization of Trigeminal System 165

Fine Discriminative Touch From Face 165

Receptors 165

Neural Pathway 165

Clinical Considerations and Assessment 167

Pain and Temperature From Face 167

Receptors 167

Neural Pathway 167

Diffuse Touch From Face 168

Receptors 168

Neural Pathway 168

Clinical Considerations and Assessment 168

Unconscious Proprioception 168

Innervation Pattern 168

Neural Pathways 168

Clinical Considerations and Assessment 170

Lesion Localization 170

Rule 3 Spinal Central Gray Lesion 170

Presenting Symptoms 170

8 Visual System 173

Eyeball 173

Anatomy of the Eyeball 173

Anatomy of Retina 176

Distribution of Photosensors 177

Functions of Photosensors 178

Photochemistry of Retina 178

Spectral Sensitivity 179

Color Vision 179

Dark Adaptation 180

Optical Mechanism 180

Refraction 180

Lens Types 180

Optics of the Eye 181

Retinal Image Formation 182

Lens Shape 182

Pupillary Aperture 182

Convergence 182

Central Visual

Pathways 182

Retinal Representation of Visual Fields 182

Retinal Representation to Optic Chiasm 184

Retinal Representation to Lateral Geniculate Body 184

Retinal Representation to Visual Cortex 184

Visual Cortex 185

Visual Reflexes 185

Pupillary Light Reflex 185

Accommodation Reflex 185

Clinical Information 188

Errors of Refraction 188

Hypermetropia 188

Myopia 188

Astigmatism 189

Disorders of Color Vision 189

Visual Acuity Assessment 190

Visual Field Defects 190

Monocular Blindness 190

Bitemporal, or Heteronymous Hemianopsia 190

Nasal Hemianopsia 191

Homonymous Hemianopsia 191

Homonymous Left Superior Quadrantanopsia 191

Homonymous Left Inferior Quadrantanopsia 192

Other Common Disorders of the Visual Mechanism 192

Presbyopia 192

Cataract 192

Glaucoma 192

Inflammatory Infections 192

Retinitis Pigmentosa 192

Lesion Localization 192

Rule 4 Visual Pathway Lesion 192

Presenting Symptoms 192

9 Auditory System 195

Sound, Properties, and Measurements 195

Anatomy and Physiology 197

External Ear 197

Middle Ear 197

Transmission of Sound Pressure Variations 197

Pressure Equalization 198

Reflexive Control of Ossicle Movement 198

Inner Ear 198

Cochlear Structure 198

Cochlear Function 199

Electrical Transduction 200

Retrocochlear Auditory Mechanism 200

Central Auditory Pathways 200

Cochlear Nucleus 201

Cochlear Projections 202

Superior Olivary Nucleus 202

Lateral Lemniscus 202

Inferior Colliculus 202

Medial Geniculate Body 203

Primary and Auditory Association Cortex 203

Auditory Reflexes 205

Distinctive Properties of Auditory System 205

Bilateral Auditory Representation 205

Sound Source Localization 205

Tonotopic Representation 205

Descending Auditory Projections 205

Clinical Information 205

Hearing Impairments 205

Conductive Hearing Loss 206

Sensorineural Hearing Loss 206

Mixed Hearing Loss 206

Effects of Cortical Lesion 206

Evaluation of Hearing Disorders 206

Tuning Fork 207

Rinne Test 207

Weber Test 207

Tympanometry 207

Pure Tone Audiometry 207

Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials 208

10 Vestibular System 210

Anatomy of Vestibular System 210

Semicircular Ducts and Vestibular Sacs 210

Vestibular Nerve and Nuclei 211

Primary Vestibular Projections 211

Projections to Cerebellum 213

Projections to Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 213

Projections to Spinal Cord 214

Additional Vestibular Projections 214

Physiology of Equilibrium 214

Dynamic Equilibrium 215

Sensation of Rotation 215

Stage 1 215

Stage 2 215

Stage 3 215

Static Equilibrium 215

Nystagmus 216

Induced Vestibular Eye Movements, or Nystagmus 216

Clinical Information 217

Disturbances of Vestibular System 217

Motion Sickness 217

Vertigo 217

Labyrinth Dysfunction 217

Clinical Diagnostic Tests 217

Acceleration-Rotation Chair 217

Caloric Stimulation 217

11 Motor System 1: Spinal Cord 219

Spinal Preparation 219

Innervation Pattern 220

Gross Anatomy of Spinal Cord 220

Internal Anatomy 220

Segmental Organization 223

Motor Unit 223

Tracts of Spinal Cord 223

Descending Tracts 224

Corticospinal Tracts 224

Extrapyramidal Tracts 225

Autonomic Pathways 226

Ascending Tracts 226

Fasciculus Gracilis 226

Fasciculus Cuneatus 226

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract 226

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract 226

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract 226

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract 226

Cuneocerebellar Tract 226

Motor Nuclei of Spinal Cord 226

[alpha]-Motor Neurons 227

[gamma]-Motor Neurons 227

Interneurons 227

Motor Functions of Spinal Cord 227

Muscle Spindles and Their Role in Motor Activity 228

Muscle Spindles 228

Dynamic Responses 230

Static Responses 230

Golgi Tendon Organs 230

Movement Initiation 230

Spinal Reflexes 230

Stretch, or Myotatic, Reflex 230

Withdrawal, or Flexor, Reflex 232

Crossed, or Intrasegmental, Extensor Reflex 232

Neurotransmitters 233

Clinical Considerations 234

Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome 234

Common Spinal Syndromes 235

Complete Spinal Transection 235

Brown-Sequard's Syndrome: Spinal Hemisection 236

Syringomyelia 237

Subacute Combined Degeneration 238

Lesion Localization 239

Rule 5 Complete Spinal Cord Lesion 239

Presenting Symptoms 239

Rule 6 Spinal Hemisection: Brown-Sequard's Syndrome 239

Rule 7 Peripheral or Central Lesion 239

12 Motor System 2: Cerebellum 241

Innervation Pattern 242

Cerebellar Anatomy 242

Transverse and Longitudinal Cerebellar Regions 242

Cerebellar Connections 243

Afferent Pathways 245

Efferent Pathways 246

Cerebellar Cortex 248

Structure 248

Neuronal Circuitry of a Cerebellar Functional Unit 248

Clinical Considerations 249

Signs of Cerebellar Dysfunction 249

Ataxia 249

Dysdiadochokinesia 249

Dysarthria 249

Dysmetria 249

Intention Tremor 250

Hypotonia 250

Rebounding 250

Disequilibrium 250

Common Cerebellar Pathologies 250

Cerebrovascular Accident 250

Toxicity 250

Progressive Cerebellar Degeneration 250

13 Motor System 3: Brainstem and Basal Ganglia 252

Brainstem Motor Mechanism 252

Brainstem Anatomy 252

Reticular Motor Functions 254

Muscle Tone Regulation 254

Reciprocal Excitation and Inhibition 255

Summary of Brainstem Reticular Motor Mechanism 255

Basal Ganglia 255

Innervation Pattern 255

Anatomy 255

Basal Ganglia Circuitry 256

Physiology of Basal Ganglia Circuitry 257

Anatomy of Basal Ganglia Circuitry 258

Striatum 258

Globus Pallidus 259

Subthalamus 259

Substantia Nigra 260

Basal Ganglia Neurotransmitters 260

Clinical Consideration of Basal Ganglia 261

Athetosis 261

Ballism 261

Chorea 261

Tremors 261

Associated Movement Disorders 262

Basal Ganglia Diseases 262

Parkinson's Disease 262

Huntington's Chorea 262

Wilson's Disease: Hepatolenticular Degeneration 263

Basal Ganglia and Psychiatric Disorders 263

Summary of Basal Ganglia 263

14 Motor System 4: Motor Cortex 265

Anatomy of Motor Cortex 265

Innervation Pattern 267

Descending Pathways 267

Corticospinal Tract 268

Corticobulbar Tract 269

Clinical Considerations 269

Spastic Hemiplegia 269

Pseudobulbar Palsy 269

Alternating Hemiplegia 270

Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome 271

Lesion Localization 272

Rule 8 Upper or Lower Motor Neuron Lesion 272

Presenting Symptoms 272

Rule 9 Brainstem Lesion 272

15 Cranial Nerves 275

Functional Classification of Cranial Nerves 276

Efferent 276

Afferent 277

Branchial Origin of Speech-Related Muscles 277

Cranial Nerves and the Autonomic Nervous System 279

Cranial Nerve Nuclei 280

Midbrain 280

Pons 280

Medulla 281

Pathways 282

Motor, or Efferent, Pathways 282

Sensory, or Afferent, Pathways 283

Pattern of Innervation 283

Cranial Nerves and Their Sensorimotor Functions 284

Olfactory Nerve 284

Special Visceral Afferent 284

Clinical Information 285

Optic Nerve 285

Special Somatic Afferent 286

Clinical Information 287

Oculomotor Nerve 287

General Somatic Efferent 287

General Visceral Efferent 287

Clinical Information 289

Trochlear Nerve 289

General Somatic Efferent 289

Abducens Nerve 290

General Somatic Efferent 290

Clinical Information 290

Trigeminal Nerve 291

General Somatic Afferent 291

Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent 293

Clinical Information 293

Facial Nerve 295

General Visceral Efferent 296

Special Visceral Afferent 296

Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent 296

Clinical Information 296

Vestibuloacoustic Nerve 300

Special Somatic Afferent 300

Clinical Information 300

Glossopharyngeal Nerve 300

General Visceral Afferent 301

General Visceral Efferent 301

Special Visceral Afferent 302

Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent 302

Clinical Information 302

Vagus Nerve 303

General Visceral Afferent 303

General Visceral Efferent 303

Special Visceral Afferent 303

Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent 303

Clinical

Information 304

Spinal Accessory Nerve 306

Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent 306

Clinical Information 307

Hypoglossal Nerve 307

General Somatic Efferent 307

Clinical Information 308

Function-Based Cranial Nerve Combinations 309

Motor Control of Eye Muscles 309

Sensory Nerve Supply to Tongue 310

Motor Nerve Supply to Soft Palate and Pharynx 310

Sensory Innervation of Soft Palate and Pharynx 311

Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes 311

16 Autonomic Nervous System, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, and Reticular Formation 316

Autonomic Nervous System 316

Anatomical Organization 317

Visceral Efferent System 317

Sympathetic System 317

Parasympathetic System 318

Visceral Afferent System 318

Neurotransmitters 319

Central Autonomic Pathways 320

Clinical Information 320

Summary of Autonomic Nervous System 320

Limbic System 321

Anatomical Structures 322

Amygdala 323

Hippocampus 324

Cingulate Gyrus 324

Septum 324

Clinical Information 324

Summary of Limbic System 324

Hypothalamus 324

Anatomical Structures 324

Afferents 325

Efferents 325

Hypothalamic Functions 326

Autonomic Innervation 326

Body Temperature Regulation 326

Water Intake Regulation 327

Feeding 327

Punishment 327

Hypothalamic Regulation of Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 327

Neurotransmitters and Behaviors 328

Clinical Information 329

Summary of Hypothalamus 329

Reticular Formation 329

Anatomical Structures 329

Afferents 330

Efferents 330

Functional Considerations 330

Regulation of Cortical Arousal 330

Regulation of Sensory Functions 330

Integrated Motor Functions 331

Cardiovascular Activity 331

Respiration 331

Swallowing 333

Vomiting 333

Coughing 333

Autonomic Functions 333

Biological Rhythms 333

Self-Awareness 333

Head and Eye Movements 333

Reticular Neurotransmitters 334

Clinical Information 334

Summary of Reticular Formation 334

17 Vascular System 337

Vascular Network 337

Cerebrovascular Supply 338

Carotid System 338

Vertebral Basilar System 339

Circle of Willis 340

Cortical Arteries 340

Central Arteries 342

Blood Supply to Spinal Cord 344

Collateral Circulation 345

Vascular Pathology 345

Occlusive Vascular Pathology 345

Hemorrhage 346

Arteriovenous Malformations 347

Selective Vulnerability to Anoxia 348

Risk Factors 348

Venous Sinus System 348

Dural Sinuses 348

Cerebral Veins 349

Veins of the Spinal Cord 349

Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow 349

Treatment of Vascular Diseases 351

Blood-Brain Barrier 351

Lesion Localization 352

Rule 10 Vascular System Disorder 352

Presenting Symptoms 352

18 Cerebrospinal Fluid 354

Choroid Plexus 354

Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation 354

Absorption of the Cerebrospinal Fluid 355

Clinical Considerations 355

Circulatory Disorders 355

Treatment 357

Diagnostic Significance of Cerebrospinal Fluid 357

19 Cerebral Cortex: Higher Mental Functions 359

Methods of Study 359

Functional Localization in the Brain 359

Frontal Lobe 360

Parietal Lobe 360

Temporal Lobe 361

Occipital Lobe 361

Disorders of Cortical Functions 361

Cerebral Dominance and Functional Specialization 361

Speech and Language Disorders 362

Motor Speech Disorders 362

Apraxia of Speech 362

Aphasia 362

Alexias: Neurology of Reading 365

Agraphia: Neurology of Writing 366

Apraxias: Neurology of Learned Movement 366

Agnosias: Neurology of Recognition 367

Dementias: Neurology of Cognition 368

Traumatic Brain Injury 370

20 Diagnostic Techniques and Neurological Concepts 371

Brain Imaging 371

Cerebral Angiography 372

Computed Tomography 373

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 375

Regional Cerebral Blood Flow 376

Positron Emission Tomography 376

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 377

Sodium Amytal Infusion for Assessing Cerebral Dominance 380

Electroencephalography 380

Electromyography 381

Evoked Potentials 382

Visual Evoked Potential 382

Somatosensory Evoked Potential 382

Auditory Evoked Potential 383

Dichotic Listening 383

Lumbar Puncture 383

Neurosurgical Procedures 385

Craniotomy, or Cortical Mapping 385

Stereotactic Surgery, or Subcortical Mapping 386

Cordotomy 387

Internal Carotid-External Carotid Anastomosis 387

Carotid Endarterectomy 387

Aneurysm Clipping 387

Genetic Inheritance 387

Dominant Inheritance 388

Recessive Inheritance 388

X-Linked Inheritance 389

Specific Neurological Disorders 389

Seizures and Epilepsy 389

Partial/Focal, or Simple, Epilepsy 390

Partial Complex, or Psychomotor, Seizures 391

Petit Mal, or Absence, Seizures 391

Grand Mal, or Tonic-Clonic, Seizures 391

Antiepileptic Drugs 391

Sleep and Altered Consciousness 391

Toxic Encephalopathies 393

Myopathies 393

Peripheral Neuropathies 393

Neoplastic Growth 394

Cerebral Infections 394.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 421-425) and index.

ISBN:

0781723469

OCLC:

47892851