Digital preservation and metadata : history, theory, practice / Susan S. Lazinger.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lazinger, Susan S. (Susan Smernoff)

Contributor:

Tibbo, Helen R.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Digital preservation.

Electronic publications--Conservation and restoration.

Electronic publications.

Electronic records--Conservation and restoration.

Electronic records.

Metadata.

Digital libraries.

Conservation and restoration.

Physical Description:

xxii, 359 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Englewood, Colo. : Libraries Unlimited, 2001.

Summary:

Digital preservation is no longer a problem confined to libraries, but an issue that has become the concern of companies, organizations, and individuals worldwide. Confronting the critical issues of digital preservation, Lazinger shows you how to effectively safeguard your resources -- from dealing with problems of obsolescence to responsibilities, methods of preservation, cost, and metadata formats. She also provides helpful information about national and international institutions that have established frameworks for digital libraries and archives.

A long-needed guide for anyone involved in the preservation of digital information, this title is indispensable in understanding today's methods and practices, intellectual discourse, and preservation guidelines. A must for librarians, archiving professionals, faculty and students of library science, administrators, and corporate leaders!

Contents:

Theory: Issues, Models, and Standards in Digital Preservation

Part I Issues

Chapter 1 Why Is Digital Preservation an Issue? 5

1.1. Uncontrolled Accumulation of Data 5

1.2. Inadvertent Destruction of Data 6

1.3. Unauthorized Tampering with Data 7

1.4. Lack of Metadata and Systems Documentation 8

1.5. Electronic Data in Forms That Cannot Be Preserved 9

1.6. Lack of Empowering Mechanisms for Preservation 11

1.7. Why: Summary and Recent Developments 14

Chapter 2 What Electronic Data Should Be Preserved? 17

2.1. Defining the Digital Resource 17

2.1.2. Fixity 21

2.1.4. Provenance 23

2.1.5. Context/Linkage 25

2.2. Typology of Electronic Publications 26

2.2.1. Characteristics of Electronic Publications 27

2.2.1.1. Bit-Mapped or Character-Coded 28

2.2.1.2. Delivered on Material Medium or as a Transmitted Signal 29

2.2.2. Present Forms of Electronic Publications 29

2.3. Criteria for Selecting What Electronic Data Should Be Preserved 36

2.4. What: Summary and Recent Developments 40

Chapter 3 Who Should Be Responsible for Digital Preservation? 47

3.1. Stakeholders 47

3.1.1. Creators: Individuals, Institutions, Organizations 49

3.1.2. Publishers 49

3.1.3. Distributors 50

3.1.4. Systems Administrators 52

3.1.5. Libraries 52

3.1.6. Archives 53

3.1.7. Users 53

3.2. Potential Responsible Agencies 54

3.2.1. National Libraries 54

3.2.2. Businesses 55

3.2.3. Government Agencies 56

3.2.4. Universities and University Library Consortia 58

3.3. The Issue of Legal Deposit 59

3.3.1. Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL) Working Group 62

3.4. Who: Summary and Recent Developments 64

Chapter 4 How Can Electronic Publications Be Preserved? 75

4.1. Dealing with Technological Obsolescence 75

4.1.1. Refreshing 76

4.1.2. Migration 77

4.1.3. Emulation 77

4.2. "Active Maintenance" Concept: Migration or Emulation? 78

4.2.1. Preserving Access Rather Than the Object or Medium 78

4.2.2. Dealing with Obsolescence of Carrier of Electronic Information 78

4.2.3. Developing Migration Strategies 79

4.2.3.1. Less Stable to More Stable Media 79

4.2.3.2. Highly Software-Dependent Formats to Less Software-Intensive Formats 80

4.2.3.3. Multiplicity of Formats to Smaller Number of Common Formats 80

4.2.3.4. Development of Backward Compatibility Paths 80

4.2.3.5. Standard Development and Imposition 81

4.2.3.6. Development of Process Centers for Migration and Reformatting 81

4.2.4. Emulation: "Mimicking" Obsolescent Hardware in Software 83

4.2.4.1. Emulators 84

4.2.4.2. Encapsulating Metadata with an Emulator to Describe the Hardware Environment 85

4.2.5. Digital Tablets 87

4.3. Additional Considerations 88

4.3.1. Authenticity 88

4.3.1.3. Types of Alterations 89

4.3.1.3.1. Accidental (Changes During Copying) 89

4.3.1.3.2. Well-Meaning (Updating, Restructuring) 90

4.3.1.3.3. Fraudulent (Changing/Damaging One's Own Work) 90

4.3.1.4. Techniques for Authentication 91

4.3.1.4.1. Encryption 91

4.3.1.4.2. Hashing 92

4.3.1.4.3. Digital Time-Stamping 93

4.3.1.4.4. Digital Signatures 94

4.3.1.5. International Research on Authenticity: InterPARES Project 95

4.3.2. Copyright: Levels of Permitted Access 96

4.4. How: Summary and Recent Developments 100

Chapter 5 How Much Will It Cost? 111

5.1. Costs for Converting Information into Digital Form 112

5.1.1. Cost Variables in the Digitization Process 112

5.1.2. Costing Studies and Comparative Analysis 115

5.2. Costs for Maintaining Digital Information 122

5.3. How Much: Summary and Recent Developments 126

Part II Models, Formats, and Standards

Chapter 6 Models for Syntactic and Semantic Interoperability: Metalanguages and Metadata Formats 139

6.1. Types of Metadata 141

6.1.1. Automatically Generated Indexes 141

6.1.2. Manually Created Records 142

6.2. Categories of Metadata 142

6.3. Metadata Models and Interoperability 144

6.3.1. Syntactic Interoperability: Metalanguages 145

6.3.1.1. SGML 146

6.3.1.2. XML 146

6.3.2. Semantic Interoperability: Text Mark-up Languages (DTDs) 147

6.3.2.1. HTML 147

6.3.2.2. Other DTDs in SGML/XML 148

6.3.2.2.1. Encoded Archival Description (EAD) 148

6.3.2.2.2. Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) 149

6.3.2.2.3. Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI) 150

6.3.3. Selected Metadata Element Sets 151

6.3.3.1.1. The Dublin Core 151

6.3.3.1.2. USMARC 157

6.3.3.2. Specialized 159

6.3.3.2.1. Government Information Locator System (GILS) 159

6.3.3.2.2. FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) 163

6.3.4. Rights Metadata: Digital Object Identifier (DOI) 165

6.3.5. Content Selection Metadata: Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) 167

6.3.6. Preservation Metadata 168

6.3.6.1. Digital Rosetta Stone 168

6.3.7. Crosswalks between Metadata Schemes 169

6.4. Storing Metadata 170

6.4.1. Storing Metadata in the Items Themselves 170

6.4.2. Storing Metadata in Linked Items 171

6.4.3. Storing Metadata in External Catalogs or Finding Aids 173

6.4.4. Integrating Metadata with the Digital Object in a Repository Structure: Encapsulation 173

6.5. Metadata: Summary and Recent Developments 174

Chapter 7 Standards for Structural Interoperability: Frameworks and Wrapper Technologies 189

7.1. Universal Preservation Format (UPF) for the Archiving of Media Assets 189

7.1.1. OpenDoc Standard Interchange Format ("Bento Specification"): A Standard for Storing Multiple Different Types of Objects 190

7.1.2. Open Media Framework (OMF) Interchange: A Standard for the Interchange of Digital Media Data among Different Platforms 191

7.2. Warwick Framework/Resource Description Framework (RDF): The Grammar of Metadata 193

7.3. Frameworks: Summary and Recent Developments 200

Selected Electronic Data Archives

Chapter 8 From Theory to Reality: Selected Electronic Data Archives in the United States 209

8.1. Digital Library and Archive Organizations, Cooperatives, and Consortia 212

8.2. Selected Cultural Heritage Digital Projects and Programs, Collaboratives, and Centers in the United States 216

8.2.1. National Initiatives 216

8.2.2. Statewide Projects, Programs, Collaboratives, and Centers 222

8.2.3. Institution-Based Projects, Programs, Collaboratives, and Centers 224

8.2.4. Museum Projects and Programs 236

8.3. Selected Social Science Electronic Data Archives Located in the United States 236

8.3.1. International Data Archives (Commercial) 237

8.3.2. U.S.

Government Social Science Data Archives 238

8.3.3. Government Portals 238

8.3.4. Individual Federal Government Agencies 239

8.3.5. Academic Social Science Data Archives 242

8.3.5.1. Alabama 243

8.3.5.2. California 243

8.3.5.3. Colorado 245

8.3.5.4. Connecticut 245

8.3.5.5. Delaware 246

8.3.5.6. Georgia 246

8.3.5.7. Illinois 247

8.3.5.8. Indiana 248

8.3.5.9. Iowa 248

8.3.5.10. Louisiana 249

8.3.5.11. Massachusetts 249

8.3.5.12. Michigan 250

8.3.5.13. Minnesota 252

8.3.5.14. Missouri 252

8.3.5.15. New Hampshire 253

8.3.5.16. New Jersey 253

8.3.5.17. New York 254

8.3.5.18. North Carolina 255

8.3.5.19. Ohio 255

8.3.5.20. Oregon 256

8.3.5.21. Pennsylvania 256

8.3.5.22. Rhode Island 257

8.3.5.23. Texas 257

8.3.5.24. Virginia 257

8.3.5.25. Wisconsin 258

Chapter 9 Further Reality: International Digital Cultural Heritage Centers and Sites and Electronic Data Archives 259

9.1. Digital Cultural Heritage Repositories 259

9.2. Professional Associations, Organizations, and Programs Supporting Cultural Heritage Computing Initiative 261

9.2.1. International Associations and Organizations 261

9.2.2. Australian Initiatives 263

9.2.3. Canadian Centers, Initiatives, and Networks 263

9.2.4. Humanities Computing Support in the United Kingdom 265

9.3. Selected International Cultural Heritage Digitization Projects and Programs 268

9.3.1. International Collaborative Efforts 268

9.3.2. Individual Countries 269

9.3.2.1. Armenia 269

9.3.2.2. Australia 269

9.3.2.3. Canada 270

9.3.2.4. Czech Republic 270

9.3.2.5. Finland 271

9.3.2.6. France 271

9.3.2.7. Germany 272

9.3.2.8. Hungary 273

9.3.2.9. Japan 273

9.3.2.10. Netherlands 273

9.3.2.11. New Zealand 274

9.3.2.12. Portugal 274

9.3.2.13. Spain 274

9.3.2.14. Sweden 275

9.3.2.15. United Kingdom 275

9.4. Data Archives at Non-U.S. Institutions 277

9.4.1. Organizations and Consortia of International Social Science Data Archives 279

9.4.2. International Statistics Generating Organizations 280

9.4.3. Social Science Data Archives and Organizations in Individual Countries 283

9.4.3.1. Australia 283

9.4.3.2. Austria 284

9.4.3.3. Belgium 284

9.4.3.4. Brazil 285

9.4.3.5. Canada 285

9.4.3.5.1. Governmental Agencies 285

9.4.3.5.2. Academic Institutions 286

9.4.3.6. Chile 289

9.4.3.7. China 289

9.4.3.8. Czech Republic 290

9.4.3.9. Denmark 291

9.4.3.10. Estonia 291

9.4.3.11. Finland 291

9.4.3.12. France 292

9.4.3.13. Germany 292

9.4.3.14. Hungary 293

9.4.3.15. India 294

9.4.3.16. Ireland 294

9.4.3.17. Israel 294

9.4.3.18. Italy 295

9.4.3.19. Jamaica 295

9.4.3.20. Japan 296

9.4.3.21. Latvia 296

9.4.3.22. Luxembourg 296

9.4.3.23. Netherlands 297

9.4.3.24. New Zealand 298

9.4.3.25. Norway 298

9.4.3.26. Russia 299

9.4.3.27. Slovenia 299

9.4.3.28. South Africa 299

9.4.3.29. South Korea 300

9.4.3.30. Spain 300

9.4.3.31. Sweden 300

9.4.3.32. Switzerland 301

9.4.3.33. Taiwan 301

9.4.3.34. United Kingdom 302

9.4.3.34.1. Governmental 302

9.4.3.34.2. Nongovernmental 303

9.4.3.34.3. Academic 303

9.4.3.35. Uruguay 306.

Notes:

"With an annotated list of electronic social science data archives and cultural heritage digitization projects and centers by Helen R. Tibbo."

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1563087774

OCLC:

48073880