Analyzing the labor force : concepts, measures, and trends / Clifford C. Clogg, Scott R. Eliason, and Kevin T. Leicht.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Clogg, Clifford C.

Contributor:

Eliason, Scott R.

Leicht, Kevin T.

Series:

Plenum studies in work and industry

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Labor--United States.

Labor.

United States.

Labor--United States--History.

History.

Physical Description:

xv, 266 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, [2001]

Contents:

Why Study Labor Force Activity at All? 3

The Labor Utilization Framework 6

Characterizing the Class Organization of Labor Market Opportunity 8

Trends in Labor Force Activity 9

Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Attainments 11

Trends through the Mid-1990s 12

A Future Research Agenda for the Study of Labor Markets 13

Section II The Uses and Transformations of the Labor Utilization Framework

Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Labor Utilization Framework 15

The Labor Utilization Framework 17

A Critique of the Labor Utilization Framework 20

A Latent Class Perspective for the Analysis of the Work Force 23

Simple Latent Structures Applied to the 1970 Data 24

A Simpler Latent Class Structure 26

Time-Period Change in the Labor Force Viewed from the Latent Class Perspective 28

Decomposing Observed Underemployment into Component Parts Due to the Different Labor Force Classes 29

Appendix 2.1 Measuring Underemployment with the Current Populations Survey 32

Appendix 2.2 Additional Analyses 41

Appendix 2.3 Model Derivation 42

Appendix 2.4 The Latent Structure Model 43

Section III Trends in Labor Force Activity

Chapter 3 Analyzing Trends in Labor Force Activity 45

Labor Force Composition and Underemployment Trends, 1969-1980 46

The Record of Annual Changes in U.S. Underemployment, 1969-1980 47

Trends by Gender 48

Trends by Age 49

Trends by Race 52

The Relative Effects of Demographic and Other Temporal Changes on Aggregate Underemployment 53

The Basic Hypothesis 54

Results for Specific Demographic Groups 54

What Can Cohort Analysis Tell Us about Recent Trends in Labor Force Participation? 57

A Model with Age-Period Interaction 59

Results 59

Indices of Fit 59

Estimated Cohort Effects 60

How Cohort Effects "Translate" the Observed Period Change 60

Period Shocks on Participation for Young and Old Age Groups 62

Should Underemployment Rates Be Adjusted? 66

Compositional Change from 1970 to 1980: An Overview 67

Compositional Change as a Component of Overall Temporal Change 69

Composition-Adjusted Rates 72

Appendix 3.1 Estimating Log-Linear Models 79

Appendix 3.2 Decompositions of L[superscript 2] in Models of the Relationship between Age (A), Gender (G), Race (R), LUF (L), and Period (P) 80

Appendix 3.3 Rationale for and Definitions of Low Income and Educational Mismatch Components of the LUF 81

Appendix 3.4 SPSS Control Cards for Determining Educational Mismatch: 1970 Census Occupation Codes 85

Appendix 3.5 A Rationale for Cohort Analysis of Labor Force Participation 86

Appendix 3.6 Age

Period

Cohort Models 88

Appendix 3.7 Choosing Identifying Restrictions 91

Appendix 3.8 Rate Adjustment Techniques Based on the Log-Linear Model 92

Section IV Social Mobility, Socioeconomic Attainment and Labor Force Issues

Chapter 4 Latent Class Models in the Analysis of Social Mobility 95

Modeling Social Mobility

What Researchers Want to Know 96

What Researchers Have to Work with 97

The Data 99

Two-Class Models 100

Three-Class Models 103

Some Restricted Latent Structures 104

A Two-Class Quasi-Latent Structure Indices of Fit 105

Parameter Estimates from the Quasi-Latent Structure 105

The Prediction of Membership in Latent Classes and Latent Status Classes 106

Appendix 4.1 The Latent Structure Approach to the Analysis of Mobility Tables 111

Chapter 5 Analyzing the Relationship between Annual Labor-Market Experiences and Labor-Force Positions: A Modification of the Labor Utilization Framework 119

Labor-Market Experience Categories 120

Labor-Force Positions (Current Status) 122

Labor-Market Experiences and Labor-Force Outcomes in a Recession 123

Outflow Rates 124

Inflow Rates 126

A Model for Association 127

The Matching Process Summarized by Association Models 128

Goodness of Fit and Strength of Association 128

Interpretation of Score Parameters 130

Geometric Representation of the Contingency 131

Further Analyses of the Matching Process: Persistence, Change, and Structure 133

A Simple Trichotomy for Labor-Market Experiences 133

Inflow and Outflow Rates Based on the Trichotomous Labor Force Experience Measure 133

Stability and Change in Labor-Market Experiences over Time 136

Stability/Instability by Sex, Ethnicity, Age, Occupation, and Industry 137

Summary: Structural Persistence versus Change in the New Matrix 140

Appendix 5.1 Variables in the Current Population Survey Used to Measure Categories of Labor-Market Experiences 144

Appendix 5.2 Additional Notes on Model Estimation 146

Appendix 5.3 Disaggregation of the 1981-82 Association by Sex and Age 147

Appendix 5.4 Loss of Structural Information by Condensing 148

Chapter 6 Labor-Force Behavior and Its Influence on Status and Wage Attainments 151

Labor-Force Measures Added to Occupational Attainment Models 152

Men 152

Women 156

Summarizing Our Results So Far 157

Adding New Scales to Prior Analyses of Labor-Market Stratification 158

Adding the New Scales to Standard Attainment Models 158

Occupational Status 159

Log-Earnings 160

Appendix 6.1 A Brief Note on Causal Order 166

Section V Recent Analyses of Labor Force Trends Using the Labor Utilization Framework

Chapter 7 Market Experiences and Labor-Force Outcomes: Fifteen Years of Race and Gender Inequality, 1982-1996 167

Market experiences and Inequality in Labor Force Outcomes 169

Observed Trends in Labor Force Outcomes 172

Decomposing the Experience-Outcome Association 178

Market Experiences of Race

Gender Groups 181

Equalizing Market Experiences Across Race

Gender Groups 184

Comparing Observed and Purged Distributions 185

Appendix 7.1 Models and Methods 200

Appendix 7.2 Partitioning of the Likelihood Ratio Statistic Into Race-Sex Group and Time Period Homogeneity and Heterogeneity 204

Appendix 7.3 A Method for Calculating Influence Measures 206

Appendix 7.4 Annual Percentage Distributions of Labor Market Experiences by Race-Sex Groups 211

Appendix 7.5 Calculating Inequality Kappas 215

Chapter 8 Occupations, Labor Markets, and the Relationship between Labor-Market Experiences and Labor-Force Outcomes 217

Descriptive Results for Labor Force Outcomes 218

Analyzing the Experience

Outcome Relationship across Occupations 224

Equalizing Market Experiences across Occupations 227

Section VI A Future Research Agenda

Chapter 9 Toward a More Complete Understanding of Labor-Markets and Stratification 241

Potential Improvements and a Future Research Agenda 244

Policy Recommendations that Result from Studies of the Labor Force 247.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 253-262) and index.

ISBN:

0306465361

030646537X

OCLC:

45437644