Fixed and flapping wing aerodynamics for micro air vehicle applications / edited by Thomas J. Mueller.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Mueller, T. J.

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Series:

Progress in astronautics and aeronautics ; v. 195.

Progress in astronautics and aeronautics ; v. 195

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Aerodynamics.

Physical Description:

xix, 586 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Reston, Va. : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001.

Summary:

Recently, there has been a serious effort to design aircraft that are as small as possible for special, limited-duration missions. These vehicles may carry visual, acoustic, chemical, or biological sensors for such missions as traffic management, hostage situation surveillance, rescue operations, etc. The goal is to develop aircraft systems that weigh less than 90 grams, with a 15-centimeter wingspan. Since it is not possible to meet all of the design requirements of a micro air vehicle with current technology, research is proceeding. This new book reports on the latest research in the area of aerodynamic efficiency of various fixed wing, flapping wing, and rotary wing concepts. It presents the progress made by over 50 active researchers in the field from Canada, Europe, Japan, and the United States. It is the only book of its kind.

Contents:

Chapter 1 An Overview of Micro Air Vehicle Aerodynamics / Thomas J. Mueller, James D. DeLaurier 1

II. Fixed Wing Vehicles 4

III. Flapping Wing Vehicles 6

Part I. Fixed Wing Aerodynamics

Chapter 2 Higher-Order Boundary Layer Formulation and Application to Low Reynolds Number Flows / Mark Drela 13

II. Curvilinear Coordinates and Equations 15

III. Equivalent Inviscid Flow 16

IV. Entrainment Equation and Viscous/Inviscid Coupling 17

V. Integral Momentum and Kinetic Energy Equations 17

VI. Turbulent Transport Equation 18

VII. Real Viscous Flow Profiles 19

VIII. Profile Families 21

IX. Higher-Order Corrections 22

X. High-Order Panel Method 24

XI. Viscous/Inviscid System Formulation 29

XII. Results 30

Chapter 3 Analysis and Design of Airfoils for Use at Ultra-Low Reynolds Numbers / Peter J. Kunz, Ilan Kroo 35

II. Computational Analysis Methods 36

III. Flowfield Assumptions 38

IV. Grid Topology 39

V. Comparison with Experiment 40

VI. Effects of Reynolds Number and Geometry Variations on Airfoil Performance 41

VII. Airfoil Optimization 56

Chapter 4 Adaptive, Unstructured Meshes for Solving the Navier-Stokes Equations for Low-Chord-Reynolds-Number Flows / J. T. Monttinen, R. R. Shortridge, B. S. Latek, H. L. Reed, W. S. Saric 61

II. Approach 63

III. The Finite Element Approximation 66

IV. Fluid Solver 67

V. Grid Generation and Adaptive Refinement 70

VI. Results 73

VII. Database Validation 76

VIII. Ongoing Work 76

Chapter 5 Wind Tunnel Tests of Wings and Rings at Low Reynolds Numbers / E. V. Laitone 83

II. Effect of Aspect Ratio and Planform on the Aerodynamic Lift and Drag 84

III. Effect of Low Reynolds Numbers on the Lift and Drag of Ring Airfoils 86

Chapter 6 Effects of Acoustic Disturbances on Low Re Aerofoil Flows / T. M. Grundy, G. P. Keefe, M. V. Lowson 91

II. Experimental Arrangements 94

III. Results 98

V. Potential Use of Sound to Improve Performance 110

Chapter 7 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Low Aspect Ratio Wings at Low Reynolds Numbers / Gabriel E. Torres, Thomas J. Mueller 115

II. Apparatus 117

III. Procedures 119

IV. Uncertainty 120

V. Flow Visualization 120

VI. Discussion of Results 121

VII. Vortex-Lattice Method 137

Chapter 8 Systematic Airfoil Design Studies at Low Reynolds Numbers / Michael S. Selig, Ashok Gopalarathnam, Philippe Giguere, Christopher A. Lyon 143

II. Design Process 144

III. Parametric Studies in Airfoil Design 147

Chapter 9 Numerical Optimization and Wind-Tunnel Testing of Low Reynolds Number Airfoils / Th. Lutz, W. Wurz, S. Wagner 169

II. Aerodynamic Model 171

III. Experimental Setup 172

IV. Numerical Optimization of Low Reynolds Number Airfoils 176

V. Experimental Investigations on Very Low Reynolds Number Airfoils 182

VI. Conclusion and Outlook 188

Chapter 10 Unsteady Stalling Characteristics of Thin Airfoils at Low Reynolds Number / Andy P. Broeren, Michael B. Bragg 191

II. Experimental Methods 193

Part II. Flapping and Rotary Wing Aerodynamics

Chapter 11 Thrust and Drag in Flying Birds: Applications to Birdlike Micro Air Vehicles / Jeremy M. V. Rayner 217

II. Avian Flight Performance 219

III. Thrust Generation 222

IV. Drag Reduction 224

V. Wing Shape 226

Chapter 12 Lift and Drag Characteristics of Rotary and Flapping Wings / C. P. Ellington, J. R. Usherwood 231

II. Aerodynamics of Hovering Insect Flight 232

III. Propeller Experiments at High Re 237

Chapter 13 A Rational Engineering Analysis of the Efficiency of Flapping Flight / Kenneth C. Hall, Steven R. Hall 249

II. The Influence of Wake Roll Up on Flapping Flight 253

III. Minimum Loss Flapping Theory 258

IV. Results 264

Chapter 14 Leading-Edge Vortices of Flapping and Rotary Wings at Low Reynolds Number / Hao Liu, Keiji Kawachi 275

II. Computational Modeling of a Rotary Wing 277

III. Numerical Accuracy 279

IV. Results 279

Chapter 15 On the Flowfield and Forces Generated by a Flapping Rectangular Wing at Low Reynolds Number / Richard Ames, Oliver Wong, Narayanan Komerath 287

II. Previous Work 288

III. Scope of Present Work 290

IV. Experimental Setup 290

V. Wing Motion 291

VI. Velocity Data Planes 291

VII. Velocity Field Data Analysis 293

VIII. Force Measurements 294

IX. Results and Discussion 295

Chapter 16 Experimental and Computational Investigation of Flapping Wing Propulsion for Micro Air Vehicles / K. D. Jones, T. C. Lund, M. F. Platzer 307

II. General Kinematics 308

III. Plunging Airfoils 311

IV. Pitching Airfoils 318

V. Pitching and Plunging Airfoils 320

VI. Airfoil Combinations 324

Chapter 17 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Wings at Low Reynolds Number / Akira Azuma, Masato Okamoto, Kunio Yasuda 341

II. Unsteady Wing Theory 343

III. Experimental Aerodynamics 354

IV. Geometrical Consideration of Blade Element Theory 363

V. Forces and Moments Acting on Beating Wings 374

Chapter 18 A Nonlinear Aeroelastic Model for the Study of Flapping Wing Flight / Rambod F. Larijani, James D. DeLaurier 399

II. Structural Analysis 405

III. Aerodynamic and Inertial Forces and Moments 407

IV. Damping 415

V. Results and Discussion 419

Chapter 19 Euler Solutions for a Finite-Span Flapping Wing / M. F. Neef, D. Hummel 429

II. Numerical Method 432

III. Investigations for Two-Dimensional Flow 433

IV. Investigations for Three-Dimensional Flow 441

Chapter 20 From Soaring and Flapping Bird Flight to Innovative Wing and Propeller Constructions / Rudolf Bannasch 453

II. Bionic Airfoil Construction 454

III. Bionic Propeller 465

Chapter 21 Passive Aeroelastic Tailoring for Optimal Flapping Wings / Kenneth D. Frampton, Michael Goldfarb, Dan Monopoli, Dragan Cveticanin 473

II. Experimental Setup 475

III. Results 477

Chapter 22 Shape Memory Alloy Actuators as Locomotor Muscles / Othon K. Rediniotis, Dimitris C. Lagoudas 483

II. Brief Overview of SMA Actuators 486

III. Thermomechanical Transformation Fatigue of SMA Actuators 488

IV. Adaptive Control of SMA Actuator Wires 491

V. Energy Considerations for SMA Actuators 494

VI. SMA Actuators as Locomotor Muscles for a Biomimetic Hydrofoil 496

Part III. Micro Air Vehicle Applications

Chapter 23 Mesoscale Flight and Miniature Rotorcraft Development / Ilan Kroo, Peter Kunz 503

II. Approach 508

III. Testing 515

Chapter 24 Development of the Black Widow Micro Air Vehicle / Joel M. Grasmeyer, Matthew T. Keennon 519

II. Early Prototypes 519

III. Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 520

IV. Energy Storage 524

V. Motors 525

VI. Micropropeller Design 526

VII. Airframe Structural Design 528

VIII. Avionics 530

IX. Video Camera Payload 531

X. Stability and Control 532

XI. Performance 532

XII. Ground Control Unit 533

Chapter 25 Computation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Micro Air Vehicle / Ravi Ramamurti, William Sandberg 537

II. The Incompressible Flow Solver 538

III. Description of the Micro Air Vehicle Model 539

IV. Discussion of Results 540

Chapter 26 Optic Flow Sensors for MAV Navigation / Geoffrey L. Barrows, Craig Neely, Kurt T. Miller 557

II. Optic Flow 557

III. Description of the Optic Flow Sensor 560

IV. Use of Optic Flow for Navigation 566

V. Initial In-Flight Experiments 567

VI. Next-Generation Sensors 571.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

1563475170

OCLC:

48628459