Amphibian medicine and captive husbandry / edited by Kevin M. Wright and Brent R. Whitaker.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Wright, Kevin M., 1962-

Whitaker, Brent R., 1958-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Amphibians--Diseases.

Amphibians.

Captive amphibians--Diseases.

Captive amphibians.

Veterinary medicine.

Diseases.

Physical Description:

xxv, 499 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 29 cm

Edition:

Original edition.

Place of Publication:

Malabar, Fla. : Krieger Pub. Co., 2001.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Evolution of the Amphibia / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Chapter 2 Taxonomy of Amphibians Kept in Captivity / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Order Gymnophiona 3

Order Caudata 5

Sirenidae 5

Hynobiidae 6

Cryptobranchidae 6

Proteidae 6

Dicamptodontidae 6

Amphiumidae 6

Salamandridae 6

Ambystomatidae 7

Plethodontidae 7

Order Anura 8

Leiopelmatidae 8

Discoglossidae 8

Rhinophrynidae 8

Pipidae 9

Pelobatidae 9

Pelodytidae 9

Myobatrachidae 9

Heleophrynidae 9

Sooglossidae 9

Leptodactylidae 10

Bufonidae 10

Brachycephalidae 11

Rhinodermatidae 11

Pseudidae 11

Hylidae 11

Centrolenidae 11

Dendrobatidae 12

Ranidae 12

Hyperolidae 12

Rhacophoridae 13

Microhylidae 13

Helpful Guides for Identification 13

Chapter 3 Anatomy for the Clinician / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Comprehensive Anatomic Texts 15

Larval Amphibians 15

The Larval Caecilian 15

The Larval Salamander 16

The Larval Anuran 16

Adult Amphibians 16

External Anatomy 16

Musculoskeletal System 17

Nervous System 19

Integumentary System 19

Alimentary System 21

Urinary System 23

Respiratory System 24

Cardiovascular System 27

Hematolymphopoietic System 28

Endocrine System 28

Reproductive System 29

Chapter 4 Applied Physiology / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Thermal Homeostasis 31

Water Homeostasis 31

Energy Metabolism 33

Calcium Metabolism 33

Chapter 5 Amphibian Husbandry and Housing / Sandra L. Barnett, MA, John F. Cover, Jr., BS, Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Planning for an Acquisition 35

Handling and Transporting a New Acquisition 36

Quarantine 37

Housing 38

The Basic Amphibian Enclosure 39

General Guidelines for Enclosure Setup and Maintenance 41

Enclosure Location 45

Aquatic Pond Enclosures 45

Aquatic Stream Enclosures 47

Stream-Side Enclosure 49

Terrestrial Forest Floor Enclosures 49

Terrestrial Fossorial Enclosure 51

Arboreal Enclosures 53

Environmental Control 54

Temperature 55

Humidity 57

Precipitation 57

Lighting 58

Nutrition 59

Chapter 6 Diets for Captive Amphibians / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Larval Amphibians 63

Adult Aquatic Amphibians 65

Terrestrial Amphibians 66

Rodents as a Food Source 67

Feeding Patterns 67

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation 67

Recording the Diet 69

Dermatophagy 69

Culturing Food Items 69

White worms 69

Red worms 70

Springtails 70

Flour beetles 70

Mealworms 70

Fruit flies 71

Sources of Live Invertebrates 71

Chapter 7 Nutritional Disorders / Kevin M. Wright, DVM, Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Metabolic Bone Disease 73

Hypervitaminosis D[subscript 3] 76

Thiamine Deficiency 76

Steatitis 76

Renal Calculi 77

Obesity 77

Gastric Overload and Impaction 79

Scoliosis 80

Spindly Leg 80

Paralysis 80

Corneal Lipidosis (Lipid Keratopathy) 81

Cachexia 81

Nutritional Support for the Ill and Inappetent Amphibian 82

Assist-Feeding 82

Choosing a Formula 83

Chapter 8 Clinical Techniques / Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM, Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Transportation of the Amphibian Patient 90

Obtaining a History 91

Species 91

Presenting Sign or Complaint 92

Origin 92

Husbandry 92

Diet 95

Preventive Medicine 95

The Examination Room 96

Conducting the Physical Examination 98

Clinical Examination 98

Clinical Techniques 101

Celiocentesis 101

Blood Collection 102

Cloacal Wash 102

Culture Collection 103

Electrocardiography 103

Endoscopy 105

Fecal Evaluation 105

Medication and Nutrient Administration 106

Skin Scrape 107

Gastric Wash 108

Touch Preparations 108

Tracheal Wash 109

Urine Collection and Analysis 109

Chapter 9 Restraint Techniques and Euthanasia / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Manual Restraint 111

Chemical Restraint 114

Patient Preparation 114

Anesthetic Monitoring 115

Topical Anesthetics 115

Inhalant Anesthetics 119

Miscellaneous Anesthetics 120

Euthanasia 121

Chapter 10 Clinical Microbiology of Amphibians for the Exotic Practice / Sandy McCampbell, CAHT

Culture Media for Bacteria 123

Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% Sheep's Blood (Blood Agar Plate) 123

MacConkey Agar 123

Columbia Colistin and Nalidixic Acid Agar with 5% Sheep's Blood 123

Thioglycollate Broth 123

Other Media 124

Salmonella-Shigella Agar 124

GN Broth 124

Salmonella Isolation Media 124

Culture Media for Fungi 124

Handling Specimens 124

Liquid Specimens 124

Swab Specimens 124

Solid Specimens 125

Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing and Bacterial Identification 125

Gram-Positive Cocci 125

Gram-Negative Rods 125

Pathogenic Fungi 126

Mycobacterium spp. 126

Suggested Samples 126

Systemic Infections 126

Skin Infections 126

Respiratory Infections 126

Culture for "Normal Microflora" 126

Necropsies 126

Suppliers of Products Mentioned in Text 128

Chapter 11 Amphibian Hematology / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Blood Volume 129

An Algorithm for Sample Processing 129

Anticoagulants 130

Blood Collection 130

Sample Analysis 132

Stains 132

Complete Blood Count 133

Chemistry 134

Cytology 134

Interpreting the Hemogram 139

Interpreting Plasma Biochemistries 140

Chapter 12 Water Quality / Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Water Temperature 147

Oxygen 148

Carbon Dioxide 150

pH, Hardness, and Alkalinity 150

pH 150

Hardness 151

Alkalinity 151

Total Ammonia Nitrogen 151

Filtration 154

Water Changes 156

Water Source 156

Chapter 13 Bacterial Diseases / Sharon K. Taylor, DVM, PhD, D. Earl Green, DVM, Diplomate ACVP, Kevin M. Wright, DVM, Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Predisposing Factors 159

Localized Infections 159

Superficial Wounds, Ulcers and Abscesses 159

Epidermal Discoloration 160

Rostral Injuries 160

Neurological Infections 160

Ocular Infections 161

Systemic Infections 161

Bacterial Dermatosepticemia 161

Mycobacterium spp. 167

Chlamydia 169

Rickettsia 170

Nonpathogenic Isolates with Zoonotic Potential 170

Leptospira 170

Listeria 170

Salmonella 170

Edwardsiella 171

Yersinia 171

Germ-Free Strains of Amphibians 171

Bacteriologic Techniques for the Diagnostic Laboratory 171

Specimen Samples 172

Culture Media 172

Bacterial Identification 173

Bacterial Isolate Preservation 175

Antibiotic Sensitivities 175

Chapter 14 Mycoses / Sharon K. Taylor, DVM, PhD

Localized Mycoses 181

Mycotic Dermatitis 181

Mycotic Myositis 185

Mycotic Hepatitis 186

Mycotic Pneumonia 186

Intestinal Mycoses 186

Systemic Mycoses 186

Egg Mass and Larval Mycoses 186

Chromomycosis 187

Zygomycoses 188

Candidiasis 188

Specimen Samples 189

Media and Incubation 189

Identification of Fungi 189

Culture Preservation 189

Chapter 15 Protozoa and Metazoa Infecting Amphibians / Sarah L. Poynton, PhD, Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Considerations for Management and Treatment 196

Ciliates 196

Ciliates in the Gastrointestinal Tract 196

External Ciliates, and Those in the Urinary Bladder 197

Opalinids 198

Flagellates 199

Ectoparasitic Flagellates 199

Flagellates in the Blood 200

Intestinal Flagellates 200

Amoebae 203

Apicomplexa 204

Apicomplexa in the Blood 204

Apicomplexa in the Tissues 205

Microsporidia 205

Dermocystidium, the Protozoan-like Fungi 206

Myxosporea 207

Monogenea 207

Digenean Trematodes 208

Cestodes 209

Nematodes 210

Acanthocephala 212

Leeches 212

Arthropods: Crustaceans, Arachnids, and Insects 213

Branchiurans 213

Pentastomids 213

Mites 214

Ticks 214

Insects 214

Mollusca 215

Identification of Protozoa and Metazoa from Amphibians 215

Chapter 16 Clinical Toxicology / Stephen G. Diana, MS, DVM, Val B.

Beasely, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ABVT, Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Principles of Diagnosis 223

Principles of Treatment 224

Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides 224

Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Insecticides 226

Rotenone 226

Herbicides 226

Halogens 227

Metals 227

Salt 228

Dissolved Gas Supersaturation 228

Polyvinyl Chloride Glues 229

Nicotine 230

Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate 230

Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Using Xenopus (FETAX) 231

Chapter 17 Trauma / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Abrasions 233

Lacerations 234

Traumatic Amputations 234

Skeletal Fractures 235

Hyperthermia 236

Hypothermia 236

Dehydration and Desiccation 236

Drowning 237

Electrical Shock 237

Radiation 237

Chapter 18 Idiopathic Syndromes / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Spindly Leg 239

Postmetamorphic Death Syndrome 241

Gout 241

Molchpest 242

Edema Syndrome 242

Rectal, Cloacal, and Gastric Prolapse 243

Chapter 19 The Amphibian Eye / Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Anatomy 245

Clinical Evaluation 247

Ocular Disease 248

Panophthalmitis and Uveitis 248

Corneal Lipidosis 249

Keratitis 249

Cataracts 250

Parasites 250

Neoplasia 250

Glaucoma 250

Therapeutic Considerations 250

Chapter 20 Diagnostic Imaging of Amphibians / Mark D. Stetter, DVM, Diplomate ACZM

Radiography 253

Radiographic Techniques 254

Amphibian Ultrasonography 258

Equipment 260

Patient Examination 260

Amphibian CT Scan and MR Imaging 263

Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, Abdominal Distension 264

Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, Ulcerative Dermatitis 264

New Guinea Giant Treefrog, Litoria infrafrenata, Anorexia 264

Tschudi's African Bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus, Routine Examination 264

Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, Hydrocoelom and Edema 264

Surinam Toad, Pipa pipa, Abdominal Distension 264

Chapter 21 Surgical Techniques / Kevin M. Wright, DVM

Presurgical Preparation of the Amphibian Patient 273

Surgical Procedures 274

Incision 274

Skin Closure 275

Minor Surgeries 275

Identification Techniques 275

Biopsy 276

Cyrosurgery (Debulking) 277

Major Surgeries 277

Amputation 277

Other Orthopedic Procedures 278

Laparoscopy and Endoscopy 278

Celiotomy 279

Gonadectomy, Gonadal Biopsy 281

Cloacal and Rectal Prolapse 281

Enucleation 281

Postoperative Analgesia 282

Chapter 22 Reproduction / Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Reproductive Strategies 285

Sexual Dimorphism 286

Parental Care 287

Reproductive Cycle 287

Oogenesis 288

Spermatogenesis 288

Hormonal Manipulation 289

Artificial Fertilization 294

Reproductive Disorders 296

Chapter 23 Quarantine / Kevin M. Wright, DVM, Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Suggested Quarantine Protocols 301

Acclimation and Maladaptation Syndrome 304

Suggested Disinfection Procedures 306

The Established Collection 306

The Quarantined Collection 307

Chapter 24 Pharmacotherapeutics / Kevin M. Wright, DVM, Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Antiviral Agents 309

Antibacterial Agents 309

Antifungal Agents 313

Emergency Treatment for the Septic Amphibian 314

Antiprotozoal Agents 315

Anthelmintics 316

Eliminating Other Parasites 318

Maintaining the Electrolyte Balance of the Ill Amphibian 318

Miscellaneous Drugs and Products Used in Amphibians 319

Chapter 25 Necropsy / Donald K. Nichols, DVM, Diplomate ACVP

Anamnesis 331

Equipment 331

Culture 331

Cytology 331

Necropsy Procedures 332

Chapter 26 Spontaneous Neoplasia in Amphibia / D. Earl Green, DVM, Diplomate ACVP, John C. Harshbarger, PhD

Tumors vs. Neoplasms 335

Experimental Carcinogenesis 335

Integument 336

Epithelial Cell Neoplasms 337

Dermal Gland Neoplasms 343

Neoplasms of Chromatophores 347

Neoplasms of Epidermal Neurosensory Cells (Lateral Line and Ampullary Organ Cells) 350

Neoplasms of the Mesenchymal Tissues 352

Neoplasms of Fibrous Tissue 352

Neoplasms of Fat Tissue 353

Neoplasms of Muscle Tissue 353

Neoplasms of Blood and Lymph Vessels 355

Miscellaneous, Undifferentiated, and Mesenchymal Cell Neoplasms 355

Neoplasms of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cells and Organs 356

Lymphoproliferative Diseases 356

Neoplasms of Granulocytic Cells 360

Neoplasms of Suspected Histiocytic Cells 361

Neoplasms of Mast Cells 361

Neoplasms of the Thymus 364

Neoplasms of the Kidneys and Urinary Bladder 364

Neoplasms of the Kidney 364

Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder 369

Neoplasms of the Liver, Biliary System, and Pancreas 370

Hepatic Neoplasms 370

Bile Duct Neoplasms 372

Pancreatic Neoplasms 373

Neoplasms of the Alimentary Tract 374

Neuroepithelioma of the Mouth 374

Hyperkeratosis of the Tongue 374

Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach 374

Intestinal Neoplasms 374

Neoplasms of the Reproductive Systems 377

Neoplasms of the Male Reproductive Tract 377

Neoplasms of the Female Reproductive Tract 379

Neoplasms of the Female Nongonadal Reproductive Organs 381

Neoplasms of the Endocrine Organs 381

Thyroid Neoplasms 381

Interrenal Neoplasms 381

Neoplasms of the Islets of Langerhans (Endocrine Pancreas) 381

Pituitary and Pineal Neoplasms 381

Neoplasms of the Respiratory System 381

Neoplasms of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 381

Neoplasms of the Eye and Adnexa 382

Neoplasms of the Bones, Joints, and Notochord 382

Tumorlike Osteochondrous Dysplasia 382

Chondromyxoma (Myxochondroma, Fibromyxochondroma) 383

Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma) 383

Chordoma 384

Miscellaneous Neoplasms 384

Mesothelioma 384

Teratoma 384

Hamartoma 384

Chapter 27 Pathology of Amphibia / D. Earl Green, DVM, Diplomate ACVP

Diseases and Pathology of Eggs and Embryos 401

Genetically Based Egg Pathology 401

Egg

Toxicological Etiologies 402

Infectious Diseases of Eggs 406

Metamorphosis 407

Diseases and Pathology of Larvae, Metamorphs, and Adults 408

Musculoskeletal System 408

Integumentary System 415

Alimentary Tract 438

Urinary System 447

Respiratory System 449

Cardiovascular System 451

Hematolymphopoietic System 453

Endocrine System 458

Reproductive System 459

Central, Peripheral, and Autonomic Nervous Systems 461

Eyes, Ears, and Special Sensory Organs 467.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

0894649175

OCLC:

43118263