Volcanic processes : mechanisms in material transport / Flavio Dobran.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Dobran, F.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Volcanism.

Transport theory.

Physical Description:

xxviii, 590 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.

Contents:

1. Overview of Volcanic Processes 1

1.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 1

1.2 The Volcanic System 14

1.3 The Geodynamic Problem 20

1.4 Volcanic Activity on the Earth 21

1.5 Volcanic Risk Mitigation 34

2. Foundations of Transport Theory 41

2.2 Equilibrium Thermodynamics 43

2.3 Quasi-Equilibrium 52

2.4 Single-Phase Multicomponent Mixtures 55

2.4.1 Kinematics 56

2.4.2 Mass Balance 58

2.4.3 Linear Momentum 59

2.4.4 Angular Momentum 63

2.4.5 Energy 64

2.4.6 Constitutive Theory and Entropy 66

2.4.7 Constitutive Equations 68

2.4.7.1 Summary of Transport Equations 76

2.4.7.2 Single-Component Fluid 77

2.4.8 Integral Transport Laws 78

2.4.8.1 Control Volume Conservation of Mass 80

2.4.8.2 Control Volume Linear and Angular Momenta 82

2.4.8.3 Control Volume Energy and Entropy 84

2.4.8.4 Applications of Integral Analysis 88

2.5 Multiphase Mixtures 94

2.5.1 Preliminary Results 95

2.5.2 Kinematics 100

2.5.3 Mass 101

2.5.4 Linear and Angular Momenta 101

2.5.5 Energy and Entropy 102

2.5.6 Structural Effects and Constitutive Equations 104

2.5.7 Mixture Jump Conditions 109

2.5.8 Representative Applications 110

2.6 Elastic and Inelastic Stress Analysis 114

2.6.1 Principal Stresses and Stress Deviator 115

2.6.2 Strain 118

2.6.3 Stress

Strain Behavior of Materials 122

2.6.4 Elasticity and Thermoelasticity 129

2.6.5 Viscoelasticity 134

2.6.6 Plasticity and Viscoplasticity 139

2.6.6.1 Yield Criteria 140

2.6.6.2 Plastic and Viscoplastic Stress and Strain 145

2.6.7 Deformation of Rocks 149

2.6.7.1 Rock Deformation Properties 150

2.6.7.2 Crack Propagation 156

2.6.7.3 Three-Dimensional Mohr's Circle 161

2.6.7.4 Rock Fracture Criteria 161

Appendix 2.A Basic Mathematical Tools 168

2.A.1 Definitions and Results from Algebra and Calculus 168

2.A.2 Integral Theorems 175

2.A.3 Differential Quantities in Different Coordinate Systems 178

3. Properties of Igneous Materials 181

3.2 Classification of Volcanic Rocks 183

3.3 Mineralogical Phase Diagrams 189

3.3.1 Steady-State Mixing of Binary Mixtures 190

3.3.2 Binary Systems 191

3.3.3 Ternary and Quaternary Systems 195

3.3.4 Pressure and Dissolved Gas Effects 203

3.3.5 Oxygen Fugacity and Magma Temperatures 205

3.3.6 Thermodynamic Modeling 206

3.4 Multicomponent Melts 208

3.4.1 Physical Properties 209

3.4.2 Equations of State 216

3.4.2.1 Mantle Equations of State 217

3.4.2.2 Fluids Equations of State 218

3.4.3 Volatile Concentrations 220

3.5 Rheological Properties 229

3.5.1 Low-Melt-Fraction Rheology 229

3.5.2 High-Melt-Fraction Rheology 232

3.6 Properties of Rocks and Minerals 239

3.6.1 Porosity and Permeability 240

3.6.2 Thermoelastic Properties 242

3.7 Trace Element Distribution and Isotope Geochemistry 245

4. Mantle Convection and Melt Segregation 257

4.2 Mantle Gradients 260

4.2.1 Geothermal Gradient 260

4.2.2 Adiabatic Gradient 262

4.3 Constitution of the Mantle 265

4.4 Mantle Convection 272

4.4.1 Convection Parameters 272

4.4.2 Numerical Modeling 284

4.5 Melt Segregation 286

4.5.1 Melt Segregation Parameters 288

4.5.2 Melt Extraction 295

4.5.2.1 Melt Compaction without Phase Change 298

4.5.2.2 Spreading Centers and Subduction Zones 303

4.5.2.3 Mantle Plumes 310

4.5.3 Melting and Trace Element Distribution 313

5. Magma Chambers 327

5.2 Evolution of Magma Bodies 330

5.2.1 Considerations from Fracture Mechanics 330

5.2.2 Fracture Propagation 334

5.2.3 Mechanical and Thermal Constraints 343

5.2.3.1 Mechanical Effects 344

5.2.3.2 Thermal Effects 349

5.3 Magmatic Processes 356

5.3.1 Evidence from Intrusions 356

5.3.2 Crystallization Concepts 359

5.3.3 Convection 363

5.3.3.1 Laboratory Experiments 363

5.3.3.2 Physical Modeling Strategies 365

5.3.3.3 Double-Diffusive Convection 371

5.3.4 Crystallization 382

5.3.4.1 Crystallization Kinetics 383

5.3.4.2 Heat and Mass Transfer with Phase Change 387

5.4 Magma Chamber Dynamics 395

5.4.1 Thermomechanical Model 396

5.4.2 Vesuvius Eruption Forecasting 404

5.4.2.1 Initial Conditions 404

5.4.2.2 Modeling Parameters 405

5.4.2.3 Results 407

6. Magma Ascent in Conduits 411

6.2 Opening of Volcanic Conduits 414

6.2.1 Stability Considerations 415

6.2.2 Constraints from Melting and Solidification 419

6.3 Conduit Processes 430

6.3.1 Bubble Nucleation and Growth 430

6.3.2 Magma Fragmentation 438

6.3.3 Magma-Water Interaction 441

6.3.3.1 Nonexplosive Magma-Water Interaction 442

6.3.3.2 Explosive Magma-Water Interaction 450

6.4 Magma Ascent Dynamics 461

6.4.1 Homogeneous Flow 462

6.4.2 Two-Phase Nonequilibrium Flow 471

6.4.3 Crater Effects 479

6.4.4 Conduit Erosion 480

7. Pyroclastic Dispersions 487

7.2 Eruption Columns 493

7.2.1 Jet Thrust Region 493

7.2.2 Fountains and Material Recycling 503

7.2.3 Buoyant and Buoyant/Collapsing Columns 507

7.2.4 Collapsing Columns and Pyroclastic Flows 511

7.3 Pyroclastic Deposits 515

7.3.1 Plinian Columns 517

7.3.2 Pyroclastic Flows and Surges 521

7.4 Eruption Mitigation at Vesuvius 524

7.4.1 Decision Theory 526

7.4.2 Pyroclastic Flow Mitigation 530

7.4.3 VESUVIUS 2000 533.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 537-575) and index.

ISBN:

0306466252

OCLC:

47243894