Dynamical paleoclimatology : generalised theory of global climate change / Barry Saltzman.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Saltzman, Barry, 1931-

Series:

International geophysics series ; v. 80.

International geophysics series ; v. 80

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Paleoclimatology.

Physical Description:

xxix, 354 pages, 4 unnumbered leaves of plates : illustrations (some color), maps ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press, [2002]

Summary:

The book discusses the ideas and creates a framework for building toward a theory of paleoclimate. Using the rich and mounting array of observational evidence of climatic changes from geology, geochemistry, and paleontology, Saltzman offers a dynamical approach to the theory of paleoclimate evolution and an expanded theory of climate. Saltzman was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorology. This book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolution which is intended for graduate students and research workers in paleoclimatology, earth system studies, and global change research. The book includes an extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references. Written by the late Barry Saltzman who was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorologyThis book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolutionThe book includes extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references

Contents:

Part I Foundations

1 Introduction: The Basic Challenge 3

1.1 The Climate System 3

1.3 External Forcing 9

1.4 The Ice-Age Problem 14

2 Techniques for Climate Reconstruction 17

2.1 Historical Methods 17

2.2 Surficial Biogeologic Proxy Evidence 18

2.3 Conventional Nonisotopic Stratigraphic Analyses of Sedimentary Rock and Ice 20

2.4 Isotopic Methods 23

2.5 Nonisotopic Geochemical Methods 26

2.6 Dating the Proxy Evidence (Geochronometry) 27

3 A Survey of Global Paleoclimatic Variations 30

3.1 The Phanerozoic Eon (Past 600 My) 31

3.2 The Cenozoic Era (Past 65 My) 34

3.3 The Plio-Pleistocene (Past 5 My) 35

3.4 Variations during the Last Ice Age: IRD Events 37

3.5 The Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka) 38

3.6 Postglacial Changes: The Past 20 ky 39

3.7 The Past 100 Years 40

3.8 The Generalized Spectrum of Climatic Variance 41

3.9 A Qualitative Discussion of Causes 44

4 General Theoretical Considerations 47

4.1 The Fundamental Equations 47

4.2 Time Averaging and Stochastic Forcing 51

4.3 Response Times and Equilibrium 55

4.4 Spatial Averaging 60

4.5 Climatic-Mean Mass and Energy Balance Equations 63

5 Special Theoretical Considerations for Paleoclimate: Structuring a Dynamical Approach 68

5.1 A Basic Problem: Noncalculable Levels of Energy and Mass Flow 69

5.2 An Overall Strategy 72

5.3 Notational Simplifications for Resolving Total Climate Variability 74

5.4 A Structured Dynamical Approach 76

5.5 The External Forcing Function, F 82

6 Basic Concepts of Dynamical Systems Analysis: Prototypical Climatic Applications 84

6.1 Local (or Internal) Stability 84

6.2 The Generic Cubic Nonlinearity 86

6.3 Structural (or External) Stability: Elements of Bifurcation Theory 87

6.4 Multivariable Systems 92

6.5 A Prototype Two-Variable Model 95

6.6 The Prototype Two-Variable System as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing 103

6.7 More Than Two-Variable Systems: Deterministic Chaos 108

Part II Physics of the Separate Domains

7 Modeling the Atmosphere and Surface State as Fast-Response Components 113

7.1 The General Circulation Model 114

7.2 Lower Resolution Models: Statistical-Dynamical Models and the Energy Balance Model 115

7.3 Thermodynamic Models 119

7.4 The Basic Energy Balance Model 121

7.5 Equilibria and Dynamical Properties of the Zero-Dimensional (Global Average) EBM 123

7.6 Stochastic Resonance 127

7.7 The One-Dimensional (Latitude-Dependent) EBM 129

7.8 Transitivity Properties of the Atmospheric and Surface Climatic State: Inferences from a GCM 132

7.9 Closure Relationships Based on GCM Sensitivity Experiments 134

7.10 Formal Feedback Analysis of the Fast-Response Equilibrium State 139

7.11 Paleoclimatic Simulations 143

8 The Slow-Response "Control" Variables: An Overview 146

8.1 The Ice Sheets 147

8.2 Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide 149

8.3 The Thermohaline Ocean State 151

8.4 A Three-Dimensional Phase-Space Trajectory 154

9 Global Dynamics of the Ice Sheets 158

9.1 Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions 158

9.2 A Scale Analysis 163

9.3 The Vertically Integrated Ice-Sheet Model 166

9.4 The Surface Mass Balance 168

9.5 Basal Temperature and Melting 169

9.6 Deformable Basal Regolith 171

9.7 Ice Streams and Ice Shelves 172

9.8 Bedrock Depression 172

9.9 Sea Level Change and the Ice Sheets: The Depression-Calving Hypothesis 173

9.10 Paleoclimatic Applications of the Vertically Integrated Model 176

9.11 A Global Dynamical Equation for Ice Mass 177

10 Dynamics of Atmospheric CO[subscript 2] 181

10.1 The Air-Sea Flux, Q 183

10.2 Terrestrial Organic Carbon Exchange, W[subscript G] 192

10.3 Outgassing Processes, V 196

10.4 Rock Weathering Downdraw, W 197

10.5 A Global Dynamical Equation for Atmospheric CO[subscript 2] 200

10.6 Modeling the Tectonically Forced CO[subscript 2] Variations, [mu]: Long-Term Rock Processes 200

10.7 Overview of the Full Global Carbon Cycle 205

11 Simplified Dynamics of the Thermohaline Ocean State 206

11.1 General Equations 208

11.2 A Prototype Four-Box Ocean Model 210

11.3 The Wind-Driven, Local-Convective, and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 211

11.4 The Two-Box Thermohaline Circulation Model: Possible Bimodality of the Ocean State 216

11.5 Integral Equations for the Deep Ocean State 226

11.6 Global Dynamical Equations for the Thermohaline State: [theta] and S[subscript [phi] 229

Part III Unified Dynamical Theory

12 The Coupled Fast- and Slow-Response Variables as a Global Dynamical System: Outline of a Theory of Paleoclimatic Variation 235

12.1 The Unified Model: A Paleoclimate Dynamics Model 236

12.2 Feedback-Loop Representation 238

12.3 Elimination of the Fast-Response Variables: The Center Manifold 241

12.4 Sources of Instability: The Dissipative Rate Constants 242

12.5 Formal Separation into Tectonic Equilibrium and Departure Equations 244

13 Forced Evolution of the Tectonic-Mean Climatic State 247

13.1 Effects of Changing Solar Luminosity and Rotation Rate 248

13.2 General Effects of Changing Land-Ocean Distribution and Topography (h) 249

13.3 Effects of Long-Term Variations of Volcanic and Cosmic Dust and Bolides 253

13.4 Multimillion-Year Evolution of CO[subscript 2] 255

13.5 Possible Role of Salinity-Driven Instability of the Tectonic-Mean State 260

13.6 Snapshot Atmospheric and Surficial Equilibrium Responses to Prescribed y-Fields Using GCMs 261

14 The Late Cenozoic Ice-Age Departures: An Overview of Previous Ideas and Models 262

14.1 General Review: Forced vs. Free Models 262

14.2 Forced Ice-Line Models (Box 1, Fig. 14-1) 266

14.3 Ice-Sheet Inertia Models 267

14.4 The Need for Enhancement of the Coupled Ice-Sheet/Atmospheric Climate Models 271

14.5 Ice-Sheet Variables Coupled with Additional Slow-Response Variables 272

14.6 Carbon Dioxide, [mu] (Box 10) 274

15 A Global Theory of the Late Cenozoic Ice Ages: Glacial Onset and Oscillation 278

15.1 Specialization of the Model 279

15.2 The 100-ky Oscillation as a Free Response: Determination of the Adjustable Parameters 282

15.3 Milankovitch Forcing of the Free Oscillation 286

15.4 Structural Stability as a Function of the Tectonic CO[subscript 2] Level 288

15.5 A More Complete Solution 290

15.6 Predictions 295

15.7 Robustness and Sensitivity 297

15.8 Summary: A Revival of the CO[subscript 2] Theory of the Ice Ages 298

16 Millennial-Scale Variations 301

16.1 Theory of Heinrich Oscillations 303

16.2 Dynamics of the D-O Scale Oscillations 311

17 Closing Thoughts: Epilogue 314

17.1 Toward a More Complete Theory 314

17.2 Epilogue: The "Ice Ages" and "Physics" 318.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 321-341) and index.

ISBN:

0126173311

OCLC:

47726187