Gravitational waves / edited by Ignazio Ciufolini ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Ciufolini, Ignazio, 1951-

Series:

Series in high energy physics, cosmology, and gravitation

Series in high energy physics, cosmology and gravitation

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Gravitational waves--Congresses.

Gravitational waves.

Genre:

Conference papers and proceedings.

Physical Description:

xiii, 412 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Bristol ; Philadelphia : Institute of Physics Publishing, [2001]

Contents:

1 Gravitational waves, theory and experiment (an overview) 1

Part 1 Gravitational Waves, Sources and Detectors / Bernard F Schutz, Franco Ricci 11

2 Elements of gravitational waves 15

2.1 Mathematics of linearized theory 16

2.2 Using the TT gauge to understand gravitational waves 17

2.3 Interaction of gravitational waves with detectors 19

2.4 Analysis of beam detectors 21

2.4.1 Ranging to spacecraft 21

2.4.2 Pulsar timing 22

2.4.3 Interferometry 22

3 Gravitational-wave detectors 24

3.1 Gravitational-wave observables 26

3.2 The physics of interferometers 28

3.2.1 New interferometers and their capabilities 32

3.3 The physics of resonant mass detectors 34

3.3.1 New bar detectors and their capabilities 37

3.4 A detector in space 38

3.4.1 LISA's capabilities 39

3.5 Gravitational and electromagnetic waves compared and contrasted 41

4 Astrophysics of gravitational-wave sources 43

4.1 Sources detectable from ground and from space 43

4.1.1 Supernovae and gravitational collapse 43

4.1.2 Binary stars 44

4.1.3 Chirping binary systems 44

4.1.4 Pulsars and other spinning neutron stars 46

4.1.5 Random backgrounds 48

4.1.6 The unexpected 49

5 Waves and energy 50

5.1 Variational principle for general relativity 50

5.2 Variational principles and the energy in gravitational waves 51

5.2.1 Gauge transformation and invariance 52

5.2.2 Gravitational-wave action 52

5.3 Practical applications of the Isaacson energy 54

5.3.1 Curvature produced by waves 55

5.3.2 Cosmological background of radiation 55

6 Mass- and current-quadrupole radiation 58

6.1 Expansion for the far field of a slow-motion source 58

6.2 Application of the TT gauge to the mass quadrupole field 60

6.2.1 The TT gauge transformations 60

6.2.2 Quadrupole field in the TT gauge 61

6.2.3 Radiation patterns related to the motion of sources 62

6.3 Applications of the TT gauge to the current-quadrupole field 64

6.3.1 The field at third order in slow-motion 64

6.3.2 Separating the current quadrupole from the mass octupole 65

6.3.3 A model system radiating current-quadrupole radiation 67

6.4 Energy radiated in gravitational waves 68

6.4.1 Mass-quadrupole radiation 69

6.4.2 Current-quadrupole radiation 69

6.5 Radiation in the Newtonian limit 70

7 Source calculations 71

7.1 Radiation from a binary system 71

7.1.1 Corrections 73

7.2 The r-modes 73

7.2.1 Linear growth of the r-modes 76

7.2.2 Nonlinear evolution of the star 77

7.2.3 Detection of r-mode radiation 79

Part 2 Gravitational-wave detectors / Guido Pizzella, Angela Di Virgilio, Peter Bender, Francesco Fucito 89

8 Resonant detectors for gravitational waves and their bandwidth 91

8.1 Sensitivity and bandwidth of resonant detectors 91

8.2 Sensitivity for various GW signals 95

8.3 Recent results obtained with the resonant detectors 99

9 The Earth-based large interferometer Virgo and the Low Frequency Facility 103

9.1.1 Interferometer principles and Virgo parameters 104

9.2 The SA suspension and requirements on the control 108

9.3 A few words about the Low Frequency Facility 111

10 LISA: A proposed joint ESA-NASA gravitational-wave mission 115

10.1 Description of the LISA mission 115

10.1.2 Overall antenna and spacecraft design 116

10.1.3 Optics and interferometry system 121

10.1.4 Free mass sensors 125

10.1.5 Micronewton thrusters 129

10.1.6 Mission scenario 131

10.2 Expected gravitational-wave results from LISA 132

10.2.1 LISA sensitivity and galactic sources 132

10.2.2 Origin of massive black holes 136

10.2.3 Massive black holes in normal galaxies 138

10.2.4 Structure formation and massive black hole coalescence 141

10.2.5 Fundamental physics tests with LISA 143

10.2.6 Future prospects 146

11 Detection of scalar gravitational waves 152

11.2 Testing theories of gravity 154

11.2.1 Free vibrations of an elastic sphere 154

11.2.2 Interaction of a metric GW with the sphere vibrational modes 155

11.2.3 Measurements of the sphere vibrations and wave polarization states 157

11.3 Gravitational wave radiation in the JBD theory 159

11.3.1 Scalar and Tensor GWs in the JBD Theory 160

11.3.2 Power emitted in GWs 161

11.3.3 Power emitted in scalar GWs 162

11.3.4 Scalar GWs 164

11.3.5 Detectability of the scalar GWs 165

11.4 The hollow sphere 168

11.5 Scalar-tensor cross sections 170

Part 3 The Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background / D Babusci, S Foffa, G Losurdo, M Maggiore, G Matone, R Sturani 179

12 Generalities on the stochastic GW background 181

12.2.1 [Omega subscript gw] (f) and the optimal SNR 184

12.2.2 The characteristic amplitude 187

12.2.3 The characteristic noise level 189

12.3 The overlap reduction function 191

12.3.1 Two interferometers 193

12.3.2 Interferometer

bar 196

12.3.3 Interferometer

sphere 196

12.4 Achievable sensitivities to the SGWB 197

12.4.1 Single detectors 197

12.4.2 Two detectors 199

12.4.3 More than two detectors 204

12.5 Observational bounds 207

13 Sources of SGWB 211

13.1 Topological defects 211

13.1.1 Strings 214

13.1.2 Hybrid defects 221

13.2 Inflation 223

13.2.1 Classical picture 224

13.2.2 Calculation of the spectrum 225

13.3 String cosmology 229

13.3.1 The model 230

13.3.2 Observational bounds to the spectrum 234

13.4 First-order phase transitions 235

13.5 Astrophysical sources 237

Part 4 Theoretical developments / Hermann Nicolai, Alessandro Nagar, Donato Bini, Fernando De Felice, Maurizio Gasperini, Luc Blanchet 243

14 Infinite-dimensional symmetries in gravity 245

14.1 Einstein theory 245

14.1.2 Mathematical conventions 245

14.1.3 The Einstein-Hilbert action 247

14.1.4 Dimensional reduction D = 4 [right arrow] D = 3 247

14.1.5 Dimensional reduction D = 3 [right arrow] D = 2 248

14.2 Nonlinear [sigma]-models 252

14.2.1 Ehlers Lagrangian as a nonlinear [sigma]-model 254

14.2.2 The Ernst equation 255

14.2.3 The Matzner-Misner Lagrangian as a nonlinear [sigma]-model 255

14.3 Symmetries of nonlinear [sigma]-models 257

14.3.1 Nonlinear realization of SL (2, R)[subscript E] 257

14.3.2 Nonlinear realization of SL (2, R)[subscript MM] 258

14.4 The Geroch group 259

14.4.1 Action of SL (2, R)[subscript E], on [lambda], B[subscript 2] 259

14.4.2 Action of SL (2, R)[subscript MM] on [lambda], B 260

14.4.3 The affine Kac-Moody SL (2, R) algebra 260

14.5 The linear system 261

14.5.1 Solving Einstein's equations 261

14.5.2 The linear system 263

14.5.3 Derivation of the colliding plane metric by factorization 265

15 Gyroscopes and gravitational waves 268

15.2 Splitting formalism and test particle motion: a short review 269

15.3 The spacetime metric 272

15.4 Searching for an operational frame 274

15.5 Precession of a gyroscope in geodesic motion 276

16 Elementary introduction to pre-big bang cosmology and to the relic graviton background 280

16.2 Motivations: duality symmetry 283

16.3 Kinematics: shrinking horizons 289

16.4 Open problems and phenomenological consequences 294

16.5 Cosmological perturbation theory 297

16.5.1 Choice of the frame 297

16.5.2 Choice of the gauge 299

16.5.3 Normalization of the amplitude 302

16.5.4 Computation of the spectrum 304

16.6 The relic graviton background 309

Appendix A. The string effective action 317

Appendix B. Duality symmetry 322

Appendix C. The string cosmology equations 328

17 Post-Newtonian computation of binary inspiral waveforms 338

17.2 Summary of optimal signal filtering 340

17.3 Newtonian binary polarization waveforms 343

17.4 Newtonian orbital phase evolution 346

17.5 Post-Newtonian wave generation 349

17.5.1 Field equations 349

17.5.2 Source moments 350

17.5.3 Radiative moments 352

17.6 Inspiral

binary waveform 354

Part 5 Numerical relativity / Edward Seidel 359

18 Numerical relativity 361

18.2 Einstein equations for relativity 363

18.2.1 Constraint equations 365

18.2.2 Evolution equations 367

18.3 Still newer formulations: towards a stable evolution system 369

18.3.1 General relativistic hydrodynamics 376

18.3.2 Boundary conditions 378

18.3.3 Special difficulties with black holes 379

18.4 Tools for analysing the numerical spacetimes 382

18.4.1 Horizon finders 382

18.4.2 Locating the apparent horizons 383

18.4.3 Locating the event horizons 385

18.4.4 Wave extraction 386

18.5 Computational science, numerical relativity, and the 'Cactus' code 388

18.5.1 The computational challenges of numerical relativity 388

18.6 Cactus computational toolkit 389

18.6.1 Adaptive mesh refinement 391

18.7 Recent applications and progress 392

18.7.1 Evolving pure gravitational waves 392

18.7.2 Black holes 394

18.9.1 Overviews/formalisms of numerical relativity 400

18.9.2 Numerical techniques 401

18.9.3 Gauge conditions 401

18.9.4 Black hole initial data 401

18.9.5 Black hole evolution 401

18.9.6 Black hole excision 402

18.9.7 Perturbation theory and waveform extraction 402

18.9.8 Event and apparent horizons 402

18.9.9 Pure gravitational waves 403

18.9.10 Numerical codes 403.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0750307412

OCLC:

46615694