Biostatistical methods in epidemiology / Stephen C. Newman.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Newman, Stephen C., 1952-

Series:

Wiley series in probability and statistics. Biostatistics section

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Epidemiology--Statistical methods.

Epidemiology.

Cohort analysis.

Models, Theoretical.

Cohort Studies.

Medical Subjects:

Epidemiology.

Models, Theoretical.

Cohort Studies.

Physical Description:

xii, 382 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York : John Wiley & Sons, [2001]

Contents:

1.1 Probability 1

1.2 Parameter Estimation 21

1.3 Random Sampling 27

2. Measurement Issues in Epidemiology 31

2.1 Systematic and Random Error 31

2.2 Measures of Effect 33

2.3 Confounding 40

2.4 Collapsibility Approach to Confounding 46

2.5 Counterfactual Approach to Confounding 55

2.6 Methods to Control Confounding 67

2.7 Bias Due to an Unknown Confounder 69

2.8 Misclassification 72

3. Binomial Methods for Single Sample Closed Cohort Data 77

3.1 Exact Methods 77

3.2 Asymptotic Methods 82

4. Odds Ratio Methods for Unstratified Closed Cohort Data 89

4.1 Asymptotic Unconditional Methods for a Single 2 x 2 Table 90

4.2 Exact Conditional Methods for a Single 2 x 2 Table 101

4.3 Asymptotic Conditional Methods for a Single 2 x 2 Table 106

4.4 Cornfield's Approximation 109

4.5 Summary of Examples and Recommendations 112

4.6 Asymptotic Methods for a Single 2 x I Table 112

5. Odds Ratio Methods for Stratified Closed Cohort Data 119

5.1 Asymptotic Unconditional Methods for J(2 x 2) Tables 119

5.2 Asymptotic Conditional Methods for J(2 x 2) Tables 129

5.3 Mantel-Haenszel Estimate of the Odds Ratio 132

5.4 Weighted Least Squares Methods for J(2 x 2) Tables 134

5.5 Interpretation Under Heterogeneity 136

5.6 Summary of 2 [times] 2 Examples and Recommendations 137

5.7 Asymptotic Methods for J(2 x I) Tables 138

6. Risk Ratio Methods for Closed Cohort Data 143

6.1 Asymptotic Unconditional Methods for a Single 2 x 2 Table 143

6.2 Asymptotic Unconditional Methods for J(2 x 2) Tables 145

6.3 Mantel-Haenszel Estimate of the Risk Ratio 148

6.4 Weighted Least Squares Methods for J(2 x 2) Tables 149

6.5 Summary of Examples and Recommendations 150

7. Risk Difference Methods for Closed Cohort Data 151

7.1 Asymptotic Unconditional Methods for a Single 2 x 2 Table 151

7.2 Asymptotic Unconditional Methods for J(2 x 2) Tables 152

7.3 Mantel-Haenszel Estimate of the Risk Difference 155

7.4 Weighted Least Squares Methods for J(2 x 2) Tables 157

7.5 Summary of Examples and Recommendations 157

8. Survival Analysis 159

8.1 Open Cohort Studies and Censoring 159

8.2 Survival Functions and Hazard Functions 163

8.3 Hazard Ratio 166

8.4 Competing Risks 167

9. Kaplan-Meier and Actuarial Methods for Censored Survival Data 171

9.1 Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve 171

9.2 Odds Ratio Methods for Censored Survival Data 178

9.3 Actuarial Method 189

10. Poisson Methods for Censored Survival Data 193

10.1 Poisson Methods for Single Sample Survival Data 193

10.2 Poisson Methods for Unstratified Survival Data 206

10.3 Poisson Methods for Stratified Survival Data 218

11. Odds Ratio Methods for Case-Control Data 229

11.1 Justification of the Odds Ratio Approach 229

11.2 Odds Ratio Methods for Matched-Pairs Case-Control Data 236

11.3 Odds Ratio Methods for (1 : M) Matched Case-Control Data 244

12. Standardized Rates and Age-Period-Cohort Analysis 249

12.1 Population Rates 249

12.2 Directly Standardized Death Rate 251

12.3 Standardized Mortality Ratio 255

12.4 Age-Period-Cohort Analysis 258

13. Life Tables 263

13.1 Ordinary Life Table 264

13.2 Multiple Decrement Life Table 270

13.3 Cause-Deleted Life Table 274

13.4 Analysis of Morbidity Using Life Tables 276

14. Sample Size and Power 281

14.1 Sample Size for a Prevalence Study 281

14.2 Sample Size for a Closed Cohort Study 283

14.3 Sample Size for an Open Cohort Study 285

14.4 Sample Size for an Incidence Case-Control Study 287

14.5 Controlling for Confounding 291

14.6 Power 292

15. Logistic Regression and Cox Regression 295

15.1 Logistic Regression 296

15.2 Cox Regression 305

Appendix A Odds Ratio Inequality 307

Appendix B Maximum Likelihood Theory 311

B.1 Unconditional Maximum Likelihood 311

B.2 Binomial Distribution 313

B.3 Poisson Distribution 320

B.4 Matrix Inversion 323

Appendix C Hypergeometric and Conditional Poisson Distributions 325

C.1 Hypergeometric 325

C.2 Conditional Poisson 326

C.3 Hypergeometric Variance Estimate 327

C.4 Conditional Poisson Variance Estimate 328

Appendix D Quadratic Equation for the Odds Ratio 329

Appendix E Matrix Identities and Inequalities 331

E.1 Identities and Inequalities for J(1 x I) and J(2 x I) Tables 331

E.2 Identities and Inequalities for a Single Table 336

E.3 Hypergeometric Distribution 336

E.4 Conditional Poisson Distribution 337

Appendix F Survival Analysis and Life Tables 339

F.1 Single Cohort 339

F.2 Comparison of Cohorts 340

F.3 Life Tables 341

Appendix G Confounding in Open Cohort and Case-Control Studies 343

G.1 Open Cohort Studies 343

G.2 Case-Control Studies 350

Appendix H Odds Ratio Estimate in a Matched Case-Control Study 353

H.1 Asymptotic Unconditional Estimate of Matched-Pairs Odds Ratio 353

H.2 Asymptotic Conditional Analysis of (1 : M) Matched Case-Control Data 354.

Notes:

"A Wiley-Interscience publication."

Includes bibliographical references (pages 359-375) and index.

ISBN:

0471369144

OCLC:

46419782