Cell wall deficient forms : stealth pathogens / Lida H. Mattman.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Mattman, Lida H.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

L-form bacteria--Pathogenicity.

L-form bacteria.

Cell Wall.

Microbiology.

Spheroplasts.

Medical Subjects:

Cell Wall.

Microbiology.

Spheroplasts.

Physical Description:

416 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 26 cm

Edition:

Third edition.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2001.

Summary:

Numerous infectious diseases are currently described as idiopathic, meaning that "the cause is a complete mystery". For many idiopathic diseases, the causes become clear when certain techniques are applied to the patient's blood or other tissues. Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Pathogens, Third Edition describes these techniques.

Contents:

Chapter 1 History

L-Phase Variant 10

Protoplasts 10

Spheroplasts 10

Transitionals 10

L-Bodies 11

Filtrable Forms 11

Pleomorphs 11

Induction 11

Reversion 11

Gymnoplasts 11

L-Dependents 11

Chapter 3 Comparing Mycoplasma, CWD Forms, and Rickettsia

Similarities Relating Mycoplasma and CWD Forms 13

Fine Structure 13

Atmosphere Optimum for Growth 14

Serum Requirements 14

Ribosomes 14

Hemadsorption 15

Sugar Phosphotransferase 15

pH Requirements 15

Biochemical Properties Shared 15

Factors Distinguishing Mycoplasma from CWD Forms 15

Growth in Liquid Culture 15

Colonial Appearance 15

Sensitivity to Penicillin 15

Nucleic Acid Homology 16

Biochemical Activities 17

Bacteriocin Susceptibility 17

Wall-Associated Structures 18

Pathogenicity 18

Chapter 4 Properties and Peculiarities

Morphology 21

The L-Cycle 21

The Nucleoid 22

Variation in Development of Units 23

Syncytia 24

Halos 24

Substrate and Morphology: Order from Chaos 24

Amino Acids and Peptones 24

Carbohydrates Influence Morphology 24

Ions 25

Colonial Morphology 25

Growth at Varying Depths in Agar 25

Peculiarities in Corynebacterium diphtheria Colonies 25

Variation in CWD Colonies, Including Rough and Smooth 25

Pigments 26

Water-Soluble Pigments 26

Water-Insoluble Pigments 26

Luminescence and Fluorescence 27

Inhibition by Classical Bacteria 27

Generation Time 28

Osmotic Fragility 28

Resistance of CWD Forms to Physical Factors 29

Effect of Lytic Agents 30

Are All Wall Deficient Variants of a Strain Identical? 31

L-Forms as Plasmid Recipients 31

Electrical Properties 31

Role of CWD Forms in Nutrition of Amoeba 31

Why are Some Strains Highly Susceptible to CWD Form Induction? 31

Chapter 5 Composition of Cell Wall Deficient Forms

Components 37

Loss of Murein Components 37

Substitutes for the Rigid Murein Layer 37

Retention of Murein Components 37

Amino Sugars in L-Forms 37

DAP in the Cell Wall 38

Teichoic Acid 38

Loss of Polysaccharides and Protein 39

Cytoplasmic Membrane 39

Total Lipid 39

Cholesterol in the Membrane 39

Membrane Protein in L-Form 40

Whole Cell Analyses 40

Lipopolysaccharides and Lipids 40

Composition Changes with Salts in Menstruum 41

Polysaccharides 41

Group-Specific Polysaccharides 41

Teichoic Acids 41

RNA 42

Ribosome Positioning 42

Phosphorus in L-Forms 42

Capsular Antigens 42

DNA of Spore Spheroplasts 42

Chapter 6 Disclosures by Electron Microscopy

A Close-Up View of the Wall 47

Protoplasts 47

Spheroplasts and L-Forms 49

Mureinoplasts 50

The Nucleoid 50

Changes in the Cytoplasmic Membrane 51

Mesosomes 51

Excursions of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 51

New Structures 51

Vacuoles between Wall and Membrane 51

New Capsules 52

Identifying-Structures and Antigens in Electron Micrographs 52

Microtubules in Group D Streptococci 52

Inclusions in Clostridium botulinum L-Forms 52

Ferritin-Labeled Antibody 53

Do All Variants Survive Fixation for Electron Microscopy? 53

Freeze-Etching 53

Scanning Beam Electron Microscope Studies 54

Chapter 7 Public Health and Nosocomial Facets

Salmonella and Shigella Carriers 59

L-Forms in the Clinical Laboratory 59

CWD Forms in Water Supplies 59

Wall Deficient Bacteria in Foods 59

L-Forms in Fish 59

Flora of Ground Meats 59

Butter 62

Milk 62

CWD Bacteria in Diseases of Vegetables 62

Nosocomial Acquisition of Chlamydia 63

"Sterile" Water in Hospitals 63

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Contamination 63

Significant Factors in Successful Contamination with P. aeruginosa 65

Detecting the Pseudomonas Variants 65

Reversion 65

Other "Water Bugs" 65

Sterilization of Instruments 66

Possibility of CWD Stages in Toxoid 66

Plague-Carrying Rodents 66

Chapter 8 Immunology

Detection of Typhoid Cases and Carriers by Their Spheroplast Antibody or Antigenemia 69

Wall Deficient Forms as Vaccines 69

Spheroplast Production by Lysozyme without Antibody 70

Spheroplasts in Identification of Pasteurella multocida Subtypes 70

Antibody-Complement in Induction of Variants 70

Spheroplasting by Leukocyte Products or Growth within Phagocytic Cells 71

Mycobacteria and Leukocyte Products 71

Immunogens 72

Antigens Unique to the CWD Variants 72

Antigens Retained by CWD Variants 72

Tissue Damage from CWD Antigens 73

Antigens Missing or Minimized in the CWD Stage 73

Interferon Production in Chicks 73

Interleukins 73

Activation of the HIV Terminal Repeat 73

Mitogens 73

Phagocytosis 74

Depression or Stimulation of the Major Immune Branches 74

Graft vs. Host Disease 74

Increase in Exudate Cells 74

Immortalizing Human Lymphocytes 74

Loss of Immunity in Burned Tissue 74

Chapter 9 Induction by Antibiotics, Organic Compounds, and Miscellaneous Factors

Mechanisms that Result in Cell Wall Deficiency 79

Induction of CWD Forms by Antibiotics In Vitro 79

Responsive Bacteria 80

Penicillin Induction as a Tool in Identifying a Classical Bacterium 80

Formation of Wall Deficient Variants vs. Bacterial Death 82

Relative Inducing Ability of Antibiotics 82

Chloramphenicol 83

Erythromycin 83

Tetracyclines 83

Lysostaphin 83

Nystatin and Amphotericin B 83

Snail Juice Induces Cell Wall Deficiency 83

Dyes as Agents which Promote Cell Wall Deficiency of Microorganisms 84

Effects of Pretreatments on Susceptibility to Induction 84

Result of Numerous Transfers In Vitro 84

In Vivo Induction of Cell Wall Deficient Microbes 85

Chapter 10 Reversion and Revertants

To Revert or Not to Revert? 91

In Vitro Reversion Techniques 92

Omission of the Inducing Agent 92

Exposure to an Antibiotic 93

Changes in Nutrition 93

Role of Serum, Yeast, and Vitamins 93

Addition of Amino Sugars 93

Spermine 93

Exclusion of All Large Molecules 93

Physical Factors 94

Support by Firm Agar or Gelatin 94

Support by Cellulose Filter Pads 94

Atmosphere 94

Temperature 95

Alternation of Culture Menstrua 95

Mucin 95

Reversion Stimulated by Products from Microbes 95

Mycobacterial Reversion 95

A Muralytic Enzyme 96

Aging with or without Transfers 96

Concentrated Populations 96

Mutagens 96

Stablizing Induced L-Forms 96

Characteristics of Revertants 97

Inhibition of Reversion 97

Inhibition of Reversion of Yeast Protoplasts by 2-Deoxyglucose 97

Presence of Serum 97

Destroying the Reversion Inhibitor 97

Morphology of the Reverting Organism 100

In Vivo Manipulations 100

Chick Embryo Inoculation 100

Injections in Mice 100

Chapter 11 Septicemia and Cardiopathies

Endocarditis 105

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis 105

SBE with CWD Propionibacterium 105

Endocarditis Due to CWD Pseudomonas 108

Acute Endocarditis 108

Administration of Antibiotic before Taking Blood Cultures 109

Following Administration of an Antibiotic Inhibitory to the Classical Pathogen 110

Infections Following Insertion of Prosthetic Cardiac Valves 110

Nutritionally Variant Streptococci 110

Septicemia 111

Myocarditis and Combined Myocarditis and Endocarditis 112

Hypertonic Media 112

Where Positive "Negative" Cultures can be Found 112

Skip Cultures in Septicemia 112

Allergy and Other Conditions Associated with CWD Bacteremia 113

Chapter 12 Intracellular Growth of CWD Forms

Intraerythrocytic Cell Wall Deficient Forms 117

Erythrocyte Parasitism Associated with Disease 117

Postulations Concerning Auto-Immune Disease 119

The Most Hypnotic of all Intraerythrocytic Forms 119

CWD Forms within Platelets 120

CWD Forms in Circulating Leukocytes 120

Intracellular Growth of CWD Forms in Host Tissue 122

Treponema 122

Borrelia 122

Fowl Spirochetosis 123

Vibrio 123

Bordetella 123

Intracellular Growth of CWD Forms in Tissue

Culture 123

Changes in the Microbial Variant in the Tissue Culture Cells 123

CWD-Induction by Inoculation of Classical Bacteria into Tissue Culture 124

Salmonella typhi in Tissue Culture 124

L-Forms in Tissue Culture Cells 124

CWD Forms as Tissue Culture Contaminants 124

Growth of Bacteria within Fungi 124

Chapter 13 L-Forms in Thrombi

L-Forms in Surgery and Contraception 129

Chlamydia in Coronary Thrombosis 129

Chapter 14 Urinary Tract Infections: Idiopathic Hematuria, Interstitial Cystitis, and Others

Disease in Man 133

Chronic Pyelonephritis as a Disease with Occult Organisms 133

Treated and Untreated Cases Show Variants 133

Renal Fanconi Syndrome 134

Idiopathic Hematuria 134

Glomerulonephritis 137

Systemic Lupus Erythermatosis 137

Nephrotic Syndrome 137

Lithiasis 138

Therapy 138

Variants in Relapses 138

Animal Models 139

Formation of Spheroplasts in the Rat and Mouse Kidney 139

Bladder Stones in Rats 139

Glomerulonephritis in Guinea Pigs 139

Kidney Medulla as a Protective Environment 139

Usual Situation 139

Negating the Protective Hypertonicity of the Medulla 139

The Kidney as a Site Fostering Reversion 140

Low Urine Glucose and Latent Infection 140

Interstitial Cystitis 140

Nanobacteria 142

CWD Bacteria as Normal Flora in Urine 142

Chapter 15 Listeria monocytogenes Studies

Listeriosis in Children 147

Listeriosis in Adults 147

Laboratory Studies on Wall Deficient Variants 149

Listeria 149

Listeria in Foods and Hospital Tubing 149

Pathogenicity of Wall Deficient Variants 150

Epidemiology of Listeria in Man 150

Listeria in Livestock 151

Sensitivity to Bacteriophage 151

Chapter 16 Latency and Persistence

Staphylococci 155

Enteric Bacilli 155

Listeria 156

Yersinia 156

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 157

Listeria monocytogenes 157

Glasser's Disease of Swine 157

Pseudomonas pseudomallei 157

Rickettsia prowazekii 157

Actinomyces and Nocardia 157

Streptococci 158

Microbial Persistence Related to Intracellular Survival of CWD Forms 158

Latency in Tuberculosis 159

Chapter 17 Meningitis and Associated Conditions

Meningitis Series 163

Species Wall Deficient in Meningitis 163

Staphylococci 164

Streptococci 164

Pseudomonas 164

Mycobacteria 165

Nocardia 165

Neisseria meningitidis 165

Postoperative Infections in the Brain 165

Chapter 18 Rheumatic Fever and Erysipelas

Cross-Reacting Antibody 169

Role of Persisting Cocci and CWD Variants in Antibody Stimulation 169

Pertinent Organisms in Circulating Blood 169

Scleroderma 170

CWD Streptococci in Cardiac Tissues 170

Variants in Synovial Fluids of Rheumatic Fever Patients 172

Erysipelas and Recurrent Erysipelas 173

Chapter 19 Joint and Bone Disease

Osteomyelitis 177

Recurrent Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis 177

Chronic Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis 177

Streptococcal Osteomyelitis 177

Listeria Osteomyelitis 178

Sclerosing Osteomyelitis 178

Pyoarthrosis 178

Nonrheumatoid Arthritis 178

Gonococcal Arthritis 178

Clostridial Arthritis 179

Salmonella Arthritis 179

Staphylococcal Arthritis 179

Septic Arthritis in Children 179

Hemophilus influenzae in Arthritis 180

Mycobacterial Arthritis 180

Nocardia asteroides in Canine Arthritis 180

Streptococcal Arthritis 180

Rheumatoid Arthritis 180

Are Classical Streptococci Involved? 180

Listeria-Like CWD Forms in Blood 180

Mycoplasma 181

The Virus in Rheumatoid Arthritis 181

Role of CWD Propionibacterium acnes in Rheumatoid Arthritis 182

Resume Rheumatoid Arthritis 183

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis 184

Spondylitis 184

Findings in Veterinary Medicine 184

Subcutaneous Abscesses with Arthritis 184

Chapter 20 Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Atypicals

In Vitro Growth of CWD Mycobacteria 189

Spontaneous Variant Growth in Plants 190

Wall Deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Blood 191

Enzymatic Reactions of Wall-Deficient Tubercle Bacilli 192

Wall Deficient Variants in Sputum and Other Specimens 192

Incidence in Sputum and Significance 192

Stained Smears of Exudate 193

Concentration of CWD Colonies 193

Disease from Only the CWD Stages 193

Filtrable Stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 194

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum 195

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulaire (MAC Complex) 195

Mycobacterium fortuitum 196

Mycobacterium chelonei 196

Factors Fostering Mycobacterial Wall Deficiency 197

"Fragility" of CWD Mycobacteria 197

Chapter 21 Sarcoidosis

Characteristics of the Disease 201

Kveim Reaction 201

Anergy 201

Evidence Involving a Mycobacterium as Causative Agent 201

Antibody 201

Role of Phage? 201

Acid-Fast Organisms Sighted 202

Evidence of a Transmissible Pathogen 202

Culture of an Acid-Fast Organism 203

Antibody vs. the Sarcoid Isolates 204

Gel Electrophoresis of Protein Content 204

Electron Microscopy 204

Biochemical Reactions 206

Autofluorescence of Microcolonies 206

Antimicrobial Sensitivity 206

New Methods for Tuberculosis and Sarcoid Diagnosis 207

Finding the Organism in the Blood 207

Identifying the Organism 207

Screening Method for TB 207

Chapter 22 Leprosy

In Vitro Growth of Mycobacterium leprae 211

In Vivo Propagation of Mycobacterium leprae 213

Growth in Mice 213

Leprosy in an Immunologically Deficient Animal 213

Growth in the Armadillo 213

Cell Cultures in Peritoneal Cavities 214

A Stain for the Classical and Variant Stages of Mycobacterium leprae 214

Analysis of Immune Complexes 214

Monoclonal Antibodies 214

Chapter 23 Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

Is CWD Pseudomonas maltophilia the Agent of CD? 217

Is the CWD Form of Streptococcus fecalis Involved in These Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? 218

Findings When Seeking Viruses 218

Mycobacterial Involvement? Which One? 218

Does Therapy Suggest Mycobacterial Involvement? 219

Chapter 24 Characteristics of Filtrable Forms

Physical Characteristics of Filtrable Forms 225

Stability and Resistance of the Filtrable Stage 225

A Nonfiltrable L-Phase Organism 225

Methods to Increase Filtrability 226

Treatment to Release Filtrable Units 226

Inhibitors and Increased Filtrability 226

In Vivo vs.

In Vitro Production of Filtrable Forms 226

Types of Filters 226

Collodion Membranes 227

Membranes of Modified Cellulose 228

Isolation and/or Reversion of Filtrable Forms 228

Reversion of Filtrable Forms in Man 228

Reversion of Filtrates in Laboratory Animals 229

Isolations of Filtrable States from Man 229

Filtrable Viruses May Not Be Filtrable Either 230

Chapter 25 Spirochetae

Evidence that the Spirochetal Stage is Rare in Syphilis 235

In Vitro Growth of Nontreponemal Stages 237

Spinal Fluid as Culture Medium 237

Tissue Culture 237

Chicken Embryo 237

Electron Microscopy 238

Treponema microdentium 239

Treponema calligyrum 240

Yaws (Treponema pertenue) 240

Lyme Disease 240

Spirochaeta myelophora in Multiple Sclerosis 242

An L-Form Laboratory Looks at MS Specimens 243

Lou Gehrig's Disease (ALS) 243

Rabbit Spirochetes 243

Free-Living Spirochetes 244

Borrelia duttoni of African Relapsing Fever 244

Borrelia recurrentis of European Relapsing Fever 244

Borrelia of Fowls 244

Growth Phases of a Borrelia from Bovine Rumen 244

Leptospira 245

Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae 245

Leptospira pomona 246

Summary of the Spirochetal Growth Cycle 246

Chapter 26 Toxin Formation

Clostridia 251

Tetanus 251

Botulism 251

Gas Gangrene 252

Corynebacteria 253

Dermonecrotoxin of Corynebacterium hemolyticum 253

Diphtheria Bacillus 253

Toxic Products from Vibrio 253

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins 253

Endotoxins 254

Endotoxicity in Mice Made Hypersensitive by BCG 254

Shwartzmann Reaction with Microbial L-Forms 254

Lethality in Chick Embryo 254

Endotoxins of Hemophilus and Bordetella 254

Endotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 255

Neurotoxins 255

Chapter 27 Fungi

Recognizing Wall Deficiency of Fungi 257

Huge L-Bodies 257

Spontaneous Wall Deficient Variants In Vitro 257

Natural Protoplasts of Histoplasma capsulatum 257

Spontaneous Wall Deficient Saccharomyces and Candida 257

Growth of Nutrient-Depleted Candida Cells 258

Filtration to Demonstrate Spontaneously Wall Deficient Candida 259

Pleomorphism after Injection into Plants 259

Fungal Variants in Infections 259

Mimicking of Tissue Cells by Fungal Wall-Free Variants 260

Fluorescent Reagents and Polyacrylamide Gel to Identify Fungal Variants 260

CWD Fungi Formed by Antibiotic, Dyes, or Enzymes 261

Ramicidin, Mycostatin, Amphotericin B, Crystal Violet, and Brilliant Green 261

Virulence of CWD Candida 262

Filtration of Candida Cultures Grown with Inhibitors 262

Enzymes of the Snail, Helix pomatia 262

Streptoenzyme from Streptomyces 263

Enzyme from Mating Gametes 263

Reversion of Protoplasts 263

Antibiotic-Dependent Gymnoplasts 263

Variants as Research Tools 264

Chapter 28 Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Agents

Antibiotic Sensitivities 269

Sensitivity of CWD Variants from Infections 269

Sensitivity of In Vitro-Produced Variants 270

CWD Forms Inhibited by Cell Wall Inhibitors 272

Bacitracin 272

Findings with Penicillin 272

Findings with D-Cycloserine 272

Reading Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests 272

CWD Forms Resistant to Agents Lethal for Classical Organisms 273

CWD Forms Inhibited by Agents Tolerated by the Classical Organism 273

Revertants May Differ from Parents in Antibiotic Sensitivity 273

Eradication of CWD Forms when Tissue Cultures are Contaminated 274

Chapter 29 Miscellaneous Disease and Malfunctions

Lung and Bronchial Disease 279

Historic Study with Streptobacillus moniliformis 279

Pleurisy and Interstitial Lung Disease by CWD Forms from Uveitis 279

Pneumonia Complicating a Kidney Graft 280

Pneumococci Routinely Present in the Blood of Pneumonia Cases 280

Hemophilus Parainfluenzae 280

L-Phase of Bordetella pertussis 281

Chronic Bronchitis 281

Pleurisy and Chronic Empyema 281

Ocular Disease 281

Chronic Sinusitis 283

Tonsillitis 283

Whipple's Disease 284

Behcet's Syndrome and Canker Sores (Aphthous Ulcers) 285

Specific Therapy in Behcet's Disease 287

Canker Sores (Aphthous Ulcers) 287

Brucellosis 287

Neuroendocrine System Damage 288

Kaposi's Sarcoma 288

Infections of the Ear 289

Systemic Lupus Erythermatosis 289

L-Forms in Dentistry 289

Human Sterility 289

Chapter 30 Phage

Interactions of CWD Forms with Complete Phage 295

Receptors for Phage 295

Metabolism in Spheroplasts after Phage Invasion 295

Phage Susceptibility and L-Phase Colony Type 295

Revertability Related to Phage Adsorption 295

Phage Type and Susceptibility to L-Phase Induction by Antibiotics 296

Mechanism of Phage Release 296

Sensitivity to Phage Acquired by Spheroplasting 296

Comparative Yield of Free Phage from Parent and CWD Stages 296

General Characteristics of Phage Related to the Ability to Attack CWD Variants 296

Lysogeny in CWD Forms 296

Existence and Duration of Lysogeny in CWD Forms 296

Production of Virulent Phage from Lysogenic CWD Forms 298

Lysogeny Represses or Fosters Spheroplastic Tendencies 298

In Vivo Associations of Phage and Host Microbe 299

Susceptibility of Protoplasts to Phage 299

Spheroplasts as Hosts for Phage Nucleic Acids 299

Double-Stranded DNA 299

Spheroplasts Interpret DNA and Repair Breaks in Nucleic Acids 300

DNA Replication in Spheroplasts 300

Phage RNA Reaction with a Psychotropic Drug 300

Formation of CWD Cells by Phage 300

Phage Penetrates Classical Organism 300

CWD Formation after Contact with Inactivated Phage 301

Phage-Associated Lysins (PAL) 301

Genetics and Protoplasts 301

Chapter 31 Bacteriocins

Relative Susceptibility of CWD Forms to Bacteriocins 305

CWD Produced by Bacteriocins 306

Bacteriocin Synthesis by CWD Forms 306

Are Phage and Colicin Receptors Identical? 306

Chapter 32 Entomology

Sterility from CWD Streptococci 311

Legacy in Insects of Wall-Deficient Microbes 311

Housing the Legacy in Colorful Mycetomes 311

Mycetomes and their Content 311

Symbionts Essential for Host Life 311

Variation and Cycling in the Symbionts 312

Symbionts in the Blood 312

Fine Structure Studies 312

Culture of the Bacterial Symbionts 313

Symbionts May Make N[subscript 2] Available for Recycling by the Host 314

Effects of Antibiotics on Symbionts 314

Microbial Chef for the Leech 314

Chapter 33 Ecology

Atypical pH 317

Temperature 317

Muralytic Molecules 318

Chalaropsis B Enzyme (An N-Acetyl Hexosaminidase) 318

Enzymes from Pseudomonas 318

Phosphomannanase, An Enzyme from Bacillus circulans 318

Actinomycete Enzymes 318

L-Forms Supporting Growth of a Ciliate 318

Alcohols 318

Lithium Chloride 319

Tellurite 319

Salt Content and Identification of Species 319

Induction or Fostering by Unidentified Products of Microbial Growth 319

Antibiotics Produced in Soil 320

Exposure to Ultraviolet 320

Bdellovibrios 320

Alcaligenes L-Forms and Hepatitis Virus 321

Furunculosis in Fish 321

Chapter 34 Soil Microorganisms

Beef Steak and Peanut Butter 325

L-Forms and the Tobacco Industry 326

Pathology of Plants Caused by CWD Bacteria 327

Tumors in Bean and Carrot Plants 327

Aster Yellows Disease 327

Myriad Soil Bacteria Counted by Plating and Electron Microscopy 327

Pour Plates Compared with Direct Microscopy 327

Findings by Electron Microscopy 327

L-Cycle of Azotobacter and Arthrobacter 328

Gonidia Contrasted with the CWD Cycle 328

Cores and Crystals in Streptomyces 328

Chapter 35 Microbes and Malignancies

Etiology of Hodgkin's Disease 333

Wall-Deficient Bacteria in Other Malignancies 334

Diller's Murine Organism 334

Nuzum's Coccus 335

Classical Organisms which Produce Experimental Malignancies 335

Bacteria and Fungi of Unknown Pathogenicity Found in Neoplasia 337

How May a Bacterium Be Carcinogenic? 337

Altering the Host's Antibody Response 337

Anergy 337

Does a Carcinogen-Fostering Bacterium Act as a Helper Virus? 337

Does a Cancer Bacterium Work by In Vivo Synthesis of a Carcinogenic Compound? 337

Do Carcinogen-Stimulating Bacteria Carry a Virus of Malignancy? 337

Do Oncogenic Bacteria Flood the Host with Hormone-Like Substances? 338

Inherent Difficulties in the Research 338

Practical Application of Bacteria-in-Cancer Studies 338

Vaccines for Prophylaxis 338

Cancer 338

Antiserum for Therapy 339

Diagnosis of Cancer by Serological Approach 339

Current Findings 339

Chapter 36 Artifacts and Contaminants

Chapter 37 The Placenta

The Placenta and L-Forms 349

Chapter 38 Media, Methods, and Stains

Media for Clinical Use 351

Medium M 70 351

Rosner's Blood Culture Medium 351

Domingue's Media for Isolation of CWD Forms from Blood or Urine 352

MPM Medium 352

Horse Muscle Infusion Medium 353

Galactose-Containing Medium 353

Induction of Variants 353

Penicillin Induction and Subculture of L-Forms of Staphylococci 353

Gradient Plates for Induction or to Test Variables 353

Semidefined Medium for Induction of Staphylococcus aureus L-Forms 354

Inocula 354

To Induce L-Forms from Streptococci 354

Tryptic Digest of Cardiac Muscle 354

To Induce L-Forms from Salmonella 355

For Inducing L-Forms of Mycobacteria 355

Induction of CWD Forms from Nocardia asteroides 355

Medium to Produce Stable L-Forms of Clostridium perfringens 356

Medium to Obtain L-Forms of Neisseria meningitidis 356

Medium for Continued Propagation of CWD Forms 357

Medium for Maintaining L-Forms of Staphylococcus aureus 358

Medium for Maintenance of CWD Mycobacteria 358

Caprice of Culture Media and of CWD Microbes 359

Age of Media 359

Water 359

Agar Source and Concentration 359

Meat Infusions 360

Sera 360

Changes in the Same Medium 360

eH Requirements 360

pH Requirements 360

Erythrocyte Lysate 361

Osmotic Stabilizers and Adjusting to Normal Osmolality 361

Solid vs.

Liquid Medium 362

Stabilizing Amines 362

Inorganic Salts in Stabilizing 362

Hypertonicity from Carbohydrates 362

Adaptation of CWD Staphylococcus aureus to Normal Osmolality 362

Essential Vitamins 363

Yeast Extracts: Sources, "Sterilizing," and Content 364

Amino Acid Requirements for Nutrition 364

Media Components that Inhibit CWD Variants 365

Reversion Methods 365

Reversion a la Domingue 365

Ogawa Medium for Mycobacteria 365

Xylol Concentrates 366

Concentrating Organisms from a Broth Culture 366

Concentrating Borrelia from Lyme, Multiple Sclerosis, and ALS 366

Storage of the Variants 366

Pour Plates of Distilled or Deionized Water 366

Preparations for Electron Microscopy 366

Stains 367

Fixation and Washing Smears 367

Acridine Orange Staining 367

Procedure for Acridine Orange Stain 367

Acridine Orange Acid-Fast Stain 367

Fluorescent Muramidase 368

Rhodamine B-Labeled Muramidase 368

Dienes' Stain for Impression Smears 369

Vital Staining of L-Forms with Chlorazol Black E 370

Kinyoun's Stain: Intensified for Detection of Acid-Fast CWD Forms 370

Metanil Yellow Counter Stain 371

Periodic Acid Pretreatment 371

Auramine-Rhodamine (AR) Fluorescent Stain for Mycobacteria 371

Victoria Blue Acid-Fast Stain for Classical and CWD Mycobacteria 371

Directions for Staining 371

Composition of Stain, Decolorizer, and Counterstain 371

The Phenol Phenomenon 372

Chapter 39 Identification

Staining 379

Temperature Requirements 379

Biochemical Reactions and Unique Components 379

Reactions with Analytab Substrates 379

Cytochrome Oxidase 380

Lipase 380

Catalase 381

DNAase 381

Agar Hydrolysis 381

Free Coagulase 382

Hippuricase 382

Dye Reductions 382

Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC) Reactions 382

Tellurite Reduction Medium 383

Hemolysins 383

CAMP Factor 383

Pigmentation 384

M Protein and Hyaluronic Acid from [beta]-Hemolytic Strep 384

Agglutination and Hemagglutination 384

Fluorescent Antibody 385

Fluorescent Lysostaphin 385

Gel Electrophoresis 386

Growth Readings Suggest CWD Organisms 388

Bacteriocins and Bacteriophage 388

Bacteriocin Production 388

Phage Lysis 388

Pathogenesis 388

Immunoassay and Radioimmunoassay 388

Nucleic Acid Probes and Hybridization 389

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy 389

Immunogold Reactions 389

Antibody Sensitivity Testing 390

Electron Microscopy with Antibody 390

Lectins 390.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN:

0849387671

OCLC:

44117919