The rhetoric and reality of mass education in Mao's China / Vilma Seeberg.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Seeberg, Vilma.

Contributor:

James Hosmer Penniman Book Fund.

Series:

Chinese studies ; v. 14.

Chinese studies ; v. 14

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Education--China--History--1949-1976.

Education.

China.

History.

Education and state--China--History--20th century.

Education and state.

Physical Description:

xvi, 562 pages ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Lewiston, N.Y. : E. Mellen Press, [2000]

Contents:

Chapter I Introduction, Education to the Masses 1

Purpose and Significance of this Text 3

International Educational Development Theory, the Framework 10

Culture and Popular Demand 19

Schooling, Popular Demand and Attainment in China, Basic Concepts 22

Theoretical Model of Chinese Educational Development 24

The Question of Chinese Data Accuracy 26

Inquiry into Chinese Educational Culture 29

Inquiry into the Socio-Economic and Political Context 30

Inquiry into Educational Policy Implementation 34

Inquiry into Popular Demand for schooling 35

Inquiry into Educational Attainment 39

The Question of Content or What is Basic Education? 40

Chinese Definitions of Basic Educational Content 42

Beyond Basic Educational Attainment: Achievement 46

Definitions of Basic Educational Achievement Used in this Text 47

Limitations of the Inquiry 50

Organization of the Text 51

Chapter II. Education and Its Cultural Context, a Brief History 53

Chinese Cultural Tradition 54

The Confucian Education Tradition 56

Traditional Ssi Shu Schools 61

Republican and Nationalist Education 62

Western and Japanese Influences 63

The Mass Education Movement 67

Liberated Areas: Mass Education Under Early Communist Rule 69

Target 72

Teachers 72

Textbooks 73

Forced Participation 73

Achievement 74

Conclusion: Pre-1949 Educational Attainment 75

Chapter III. Rhetoric: Educational Ideology and Policy in Mao's China 79

Enduring Traditions and New Educational Ideology 81

Enduring Confucian Educational Traditions 82

Knowledge 84

Who Would Be Educated 88

Confucian and Marxist Educational Ideologies 88

The Interaction between the Confucian Tradition and Two CCP Educational Ideologies 90

Moderate CCP Educational Ideology and the Confucian Educational Tradition 92

Radical CCP Educational Ideology and the Confucian Educational Tradition 93

CCP Educational Policy 95

The Mass-Line in Education and the Two-Line Struggle in CCP Educational Policy 96

The Moderate Manpower Needs Approach 100

The Radical Mass Politicization Approach 107

Policy Time Periods 111

The Policy Planning System 114

Education as a Human Resource Production System 118

Policy System, Organization 120

Annual educational plan and budget 122

Language Policy 124

Educational Funding 125

Funding and the Two-line Struggle 127

Government Expenditure, Formal and Minban, by Policy Time Period 127

Share of National Expenditures by Time Period 128

The Mass Line in Funding Education 133

Primary Education Expenditures 134

Primary and Secondary Funds, Share of Total Educational Expenditures 137

Primary Education Expenditure per Pupil by Time Period 140

Conclusion, Funding of Levels of Education by Policy Period 143

Funding by Rural/Urban Setting 151

Conclusion, Educational Funding 155

Conclusion, The Confucian Educational Tradition and CCP Educational Policy 158

Chapter IV. School to Work: Linkage and Incentives 161

Section 1. Historic and Economic Preconditions 163

Assets and Liabilities for Modern Development 165

Natural Endowments 167

The Province of Anhui 168

The National Economy 170

Rural Development 170

City Enclaves 171

War, Civil War, and the Loss of Capital 172

Summary, Socioeconomic Background 173

Section 2. Incentives in the P.R.C. Economy 174

Improvement in Living Standards 174

Regional Incentives: The Rural/Urban Gap 177

Rural/urban Residence Disparities 179

Income Gap 179

Political Control 180

Urban Residency Advantages 183

The School to Work Transition: Human Resource Policy & System 185

Human Resource Planning 186

School to Work Transition: Central Job Assignment System 188

School to Rural Assignment 188

School to Urban Assignment 189

Inflexibility and Circumvention 191

Conclusion, School to Work Linkage 192

School Incentives & Disconnects in the Labor Force 193

Cadres, CCP officials 195

The Urban Economy and Its Incentives 196

Advanced Education as an Incentive 197

State Sector Employment Incentives 204

Industrial Workers 204

Informal Collective Labor Incentives 208

Nonpermanent Work, Incentives 210

The Rural Economy and Its Incentives 211

Agricultural Professional and Technical Work Incentives 212

Informal, Commune- and Brigade-Run Industrial Labor Incentives 213

Technicians and Skilled Non-farm Laborers 216

Farm Labor Incentives 218

Summary, Economic Incentives for Educational Participation 221

Section 3. Social and Political Status Incentives 222

Occupational and Rank Status 225

Industrial Rank Status 225

Professional Status 226

Social Status Ranking Summary 227

Political Status Incentives 227

Political Loyalty and Benefits 229

Political Loyalty and Educational Linkage 230

Conclusion, School to Work, Incentives in Society 233

Chapter V. Reality: Quality and Availability of Basic Schooling 237

Section 1. Quality 238

Teacher Quality 239

Teacher Corps History 243

Composition of the Teacher Corps 247

Teachers' Educational Qualifications 252

Teacher Training Programs 260

Conclusion, Teacher Quality 267

Schooling, System and Educational Content 269

Educational Delivery System, Formal, Nonformal, Extra-school 270

Nonformal Minban and Extra-school, Spare-time Basic Education 278

Basic Education Content 282

Assessment of basic education content 295

Conclusion, Basic Education, An Assessment of Possible Achievement 296

Section 2. Availability 298

Provision of School Places 300

Basic Primary Schooling Provision by Time Period 301

National enrollment trends, official 301

National enrollment trends compared to provincial trends, official 305

Alternative series, enrollment 308

Enrollment rate, definition and trends of official and alternative series 310

Enrollment rate trends, official and alternative 313

Age-cohort size, impact on enrollment rates 315

Official net enrollment rate trends 318

Conclusion, provision by policy 320

Basic Schooling in the Rural Versus Urban Areas 322

Spare-time Basic Schooling 331

Section 3. The Cost of Schooling 337

Minban Costs 340

Spare-time Costs 343

Conclusion, Cost 344

Section 4. Conclusion, Quality and Availability of Basic Schooling 345

Internationally Comparable Evaluation of Achievement Standards and Levels 349

Chapter VI. Reality: Popular Demand for Education in the PRC 354

Theories Regarding Demand for Education 355

PRC Definition of Social Demand as State Demand 357

Popular Demand in Mao's China 359

Participation Behavior, Popular Demand 363

Primary Schooling Retention Rates 364

Primary Attendance Rates 368

Primary Graduation Rates 369

Primary Rural/urban Disparity 375

No Schooling 384

Spare-time Basic Education 387

Participation Rate, the Objective Measure of Popular Demand 391

Conclusion, Participation Behavior 393

Perception of Education, Popular Demand 396

Moderate Policy Years in the 1950s 398

Radical Years, 1960s and Early 1970s 403

Moderate Years, Late 1970s 411

Conclusion, Perceptions of Education 414

Reality: Conclusion on Popular Demand 415

Chapter VII. Results: Educational Attainment in Mao's China 417

What is Basic Educational Attainment? 418

Basic Educational Attainment Among Youth 420

Educational Attainment Rate Over the Time Periods 421

Rural/urban Disparity in Achievement Rate 423

Basic Educational Attainment Among Adults 425

Basic Educational Attainment in the Population in 1979, Official 427

Educational Attainment of the Labor Force 430

Rural/urban Gap 432

Comparison of Alternate and Official Basic Education Attainment Profiles 437

International Comparison 441

Theoretical Framework: The Local Nexus 448

Data Inaccuracy 450

The Mass-line in Education 451

Tradition, Ideology, Rhetoric and Policy, Mismatches 452

Rhetoric to Policy, Discrepancy 452

The Socioeconomic Context,

Disincentives 454

Basic Education: Reality 455

Participation Reconsidered 457

Results: Socialist Mis Education 458

International Comparison 459

Research Questions Answered 460

A Wide Rural/urban Gap 461

Radical Leveling Harms Rural Education More than Moderate Policy 461

Policy Implementation and the Rural/urban Gap 462

Response or Demand and the Rural/urban Gap 463

Significance to International Development Education 465

Appendix 1 Data on and in the PRC 469

Data in the PRC, Special Considerations 469

Decoding Official Chinese Documents and Media 470

Reliability Criteria 472

Statistics in the PRC, 1949-79 472

Data Collection and Description 475

The Unit of Investigation 475

Primary Data Collection, Chinese Language Sources 476

Compilations of Demographic and Educational Data 479

Population Censuses 479

Labor Statistics 480

Population 480.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 507-559) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the James Hosmer Penniman Book Fund.

ISBN:

0773476385

OCLC:

44110523