The interplay of influence : news, advertising, politics, and the mass media / Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Karlyn Kohrs Campbell.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall.

Contributor:

Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs.

Series:

Wadsworth series in mass communication and journalism

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Mass media--Influence.

Mass media.

Mass media--Audiences.

Advertising.

Mass media--Political aspects.

Mass media--United States.

United States.

Physical Description:

xx, 362 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Edition:

Fifth edition.

Place of Publication:

Belmont, CA : Wadsworth, 2001.

Summary:

This revised fifth edition text continues to give students an understanding of how the mass media operate in our society and the profound ramifications of media messages in the areas of politics, news, and advertising. In this edition, noted communication scholars Jamieson and Campbell offer thoroughly updated coverage throughout including the Internet's role in media, politics, and advertising.

Contents:

1 The Media: An Introduction 1

Distinctive Characteristics of Mass Communication 4

The Audience 4

The Mediated Messages 5

The Sources 7

Interpersonal and Mass Communication: Relationships 7

Mass Media Use 8

Impact of Mass Media 8

Kinds of Mass Media 9

International Media 9

Political Repercussions 10

Breaking Informational Barriers 11

Impact of Technology 12

National Media 13

Specialized Media 14

Elite Media 14

Major News Carriers 15

Television 15

The Rise of Cable 20

The Changing Modes of Delivering Images through Television 25

Radio 27

Talk Radio 29

Newspapers 31

Magazines 32

The Internet 32

The Internet as a Transnational Communicator 33

The New Programmers 34

Expanded Interactivity 35

The New Media Environment 36

Twenty-Four-Hour News 36

Changing Influence of the Press 36

2 What is News? 40

Hard News Defined 40

1. Hard News Is Personalized, about Individuals 41

2. Hard News Is Dramatic, Conflict-Filled, and Violent 45

3. Hard News Is Action, an Event, an Identifiable Occurrence 47

4. Hard News Is Novel, Deviant, Out of the Ordinary 47

5. Hard News Reports Events Linked to Issues Prevalent in the News at the Time 51

What Is Covered and Reported 52

External Constraints 52

Access 52

Cost 57

Time and Space 58

Internal Constraints 58

Use of Available Footage 59

Covering Visual Events 59

Covering Newsworthy People 61

Avoiding Stories That Give Offense 62

Becoming the News 63

Changing News Norms 65

Relevance to Governance or Abuse of Power 66

Public Display 66

Hypocrisy Forecast 66

Hypocrisy Added 67

Statute of Limitations 67

Lying and Recency 68

Hypocrisy Broadly Construed 70

How the Story Is Presented 71

Reporter Expertise 71

Fairness and Balance 74

Story Length 74

Story Structure 77

Objectivity 77

3 News as Persuasion 83

Dramatizing and Sensationalizing Content 83

The Screen 83

The Camera 85

Special Effects 86

Editing 87

Filmed and Taped Coverage 90

Anchors and On-Air Reporters 93

Inaccurate and Incomplete Reporting 95

Deadlines and Competition 95

Breaking News 96

Exclusive Breaking News 97

Story Structure 98

Anonymous and Composite Sources, Misrepresented Tape 98

Readers' Advocates 101

News Analysis 102

Media Convergence 103

Unbalanced Interpretation 103

Insinuation through Selection of Language 104

Ideological Bias 105

Self-Censorship 108

The Fairness Doctrine 108

Beats 109

Government Support 109

Audience Taste 111

Direct Intervention 112

Breaches of Neutrality 112

Producing Social Change 112

Journalists as Direct Participants 113

The Civic Journalism Movement 115

Analysis: Analyzing a News Item 116

Newsworthiness 116

Reporter 117

The News Story 117

Constraints 118

Framing 118

Inclusion/Exclusion 118

Setting 119

Timing 119

Placement 119

Patterns 119

Manipulation 120

Impact 120

4 Influencing the News Media 122

Influencing Journalistic Norms and Routines 122

Manipulating Deadlines 122

Manipulating Access 126

Manipulating News Assignments 128

Media Competition 129

Using Access to Media to Manipulate the Agenda 131

Expanded Opportunities for Direct Address 132

Satellites 132

The Internet 132

The Perils of Live Coverage 136

Prepackaged News 137

Pseudo-Events 139

News Feeds 141

Prepared Editorials 143

Commercial Pressures 143

Costs of Preempting Programming 144

Pressures from Advertisers 146

Threat of Lawsuits 147

Political Pressure 149

Presidential Newsworthiness 149

National Security 151

Government Manipulation 151

5 Ratings and Revenues: the Audience in Mass Media Social Systems 156

The Mass Media: Social Systems 156

A Brief History of the Mass Media 157

The Role of Mass Media Advertising 158

The Audience 158

Technology 161

Commercial Television 163

Nielsen Ratings 164

Utilizing the Ratings 170

Mini-Series 170

Competition for Time Periods 171

Network Affiliation 171

Public Television 173

Radio 176

Arbitron Ratings 177

Restricted Formats 177

Newspapers 178

Impact of Television 181

Separation of News and Advertising 182

Local Advertising 183

The Internet 183

Magazines 184

Casualties of Competition 185

Newsweeklies 186

Media Consolidation 187

6 What is Advetising? 190

Defining Advertising 190

Mediated Advertising 196

Kinds of Mass Media Advertising 197

Product Ads 198

The Product as Ad 198

Service Ads 199

Goodwill Ads 199

Advocacy Ads 202

Infomercials 203

Public Service Announcements 204

Political Ads 205

Issue Advocacy Ads 205

How to Determine Whether It's an Ad 206

How Ads Reveal the Advertiser 206

How Ads Reveal the Intended Audience 206

Advertising and Reality: Stereotypes 210

Advertising Values 211

The World According to Commercials 211

Seeing the Other Side 214

The Interplay of News and Advertising 215

7 Persuasion Through Advertising 216

The Advertiser's Aims 216

Creating Product Recognition 216

Trademarks 216

Packaging 218

Slogans 219

Differentiation 221

Unique Selling Proposition 221

Association 222

Participation 222

Identification with Ad Characters 222

Significant Experiences 223

Making the Audience an Accomplice 224

Redundancy 229

Repeated Claims 229

Repeated Exposure 230

Advertisers' Strategies for Persuasion 230

Naming the Product 233

Differentiating Products 235

Pseudo-Claims 235

Comparison with an Unidentified Other 235

Comparison of the Product with Its Earlier Form 236

Irrelevant Comparisons 236

The Pseudo-Survey 236

Creating Associations 237

Associations with Celebrities and Authorities 237

Use It. Be Like Me 237

Use It. I'm an Authority 238

Cannibalizing the Past for Associations 238

Appropriating Historical Persons and Events 239

Trading on Someone's Good Name 240

Appropriating a Famous Phrase 241

Creating a Memorable Phrase 241

Exploiting Social Movements 242

Nationalistic Associations 243

Exploiting Argumentative Forms to Create Associations and Participation 243

Implying Causality 243

Juxtaposition 244

Exploiting Coincidental Relationships 244

Implying "If ... Then" 245

Implying "If Not ...

Then Not" 245

But Does Advertising Work? 246

8 Influencing Advertisers 249

Regulation and Self-Regulation 249

The Federal Trade Commission 249

The Powers of Other State and Federal Agencies 253

The National Advertising Division 254

The National Association of Broadcasters 257

Network Standards 258

Obstacles to Regulation 259

Problems Faced by Regulators 259

Determining Deception 260

Effects of Stricter Regulation 261

What Advertisers May Not Say and Do 262

Limitations on Distortion 262

Product Characteristics 263

Product Performance 264

Puffery 265

Fantasy 266

Limitations Imposed by the Audience 266

Children in Audiences 266

Taboos 268

Analysis: Analyzing an Ad 271

What Type of Ad Is It? 271

If the Ad Is a PSA 271

If the Ad Is an Idea Ad 272

If the Ad Advertises a Service Rather Than a Product 272

If the Ad Is a Goodwill Ad 272

If the Ad Is a Political Ad 272

If the Ad Is a Product Ad 273

Audience 273

Ad Content 273

Assumptions 274

Programming or Content Sponsored by an Ad 275

Content Surrounding (Contextualizing) an Ad 275

Media Mix 275

Pressure on Advertiser 275

Effect 276

9 How to Influence the Media 277

Individual Complaints 277

Group Pressure 283

Boycotts 283

Legal Actions 283

Promoting Self-Regulation 286

Pressure from an Established Organization 287

Pressure from a Social Movement 289

Creating Legislative Pressure 291

State Level 291

Federal Level 292

Analysis: Constructing a Strategy for Message Distribution 293

Step I Isolating the Message 294

Step II Defining the Intended Audience 294

Step III Determining the Newsworthiness of the Message 294

Step IV Determining Factors Constraining Release 294

Step V Selecting Appropriate Channels 294

Step VI Adapting the Message to the Channel 295

Step VII Monitoring Your Success or Failure 295

10 Political Versus Product Campaigns 297

Defining Ads 297

Candidate Access: Free Time 298

What's Ahead 298

Responsibility of Journalists 298

Products versus Candidates 299

Using the Media 299

Creating an Image 300

Targeting the Audience 301

Economic versus Political Values 303

Regulation 304

Censorship 304

Equal Opportunity 306

Right to Access 307

Cost 308

Campaign Spending Limits 308

Issue Advocacy 310

Campaign Objectives 313

Voting versus Buying 314

Criteria for Victory 314

Unpaid Coverage 315

Quality 315

Endorsements 315

Financing 316

11 News and Advertising in the Political Campaign 317

Controlling News Coverage 317

Controlling Media Access 318

Setting the Media's Agenda 319

Creating Credible Pseudo-Events 319

Blurring the Distinction between News and Commercials 320

Exploiting Media Concepts of the Political Process 321

The Campaign 321

The Candidates 324

Responding to or Preventing Attack 329

Backlash 329

Last-Minute Attacks 330

Adwatches 332

Responding to Last-Minute Attacks 332

Exploiting Blunders 333

Attacks Legitimized by the Media 334

Enlisting the Help of Journalists 335

Tests of Credibility Applied by Journalists 336

How Has New Technology Changed Politics? 336

How Has Television Changed Politics? 337

Image versus Issues; Character versus Positions 338

The Comparative Relevance of Character and Stands on Issues 339

Determining Which Issues Are the Likely Focus of a Campaign 339

Determining Which Facets of Character Are the Likely Focus in a Campaign 340

The Interplay of Influence: Issues and Character in Ads, News, and Debates 341

Ads 341

Limitations 341

Ways to Compensate for or to Counter These Limitations 342

News 342

Debates 343

Analysis: Political Ads and News 345

Determining Who Is Newsworthy 345

Determining What Is Covered 345

Relationship of Candidates and Reporters 345

The Image of the Candidate 346

Candidates' Ads 346.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0534533647

OCLC:

51034070