A practical guide to particle counting for drinking water treatment / Mike Broadwell.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Broadwell, Mike.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Particle counting (Water treatment plants).

Drinking water--Purification.

Drinking water.

Physical Description:

222 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Other Title:

Particle counting for drinking water treatment

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers, [2001]

Summary:

As EPA standards for water quality have tightened in recent years, the need to more accurately assess the amount and kind of particulate matter found in end-use drinking water has grown accordingly. Moreover, the sampling, testing, and analysis of particulate matter greatly relies on the use of automated "particle counting" systems rather than on the more traditional methods of microbiology. This reference is the first of its kind to address the latest technologies, equipment, and procedures for conducting particle counting in water treatment and delivery systems.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Particle Counting Basics

A. What is a Particle Counter? 3

1. Particle Counters vs. Particle Sizers 3

2. Types of Particle Counters 4

a. Light-Based Particle Counters 4

b. Electrical Conductivity Particle Counters 4

B. Principles of Operation 4

1. Light-Based Instruments 4

a. Light-Scattering Sensor 4

b. Light-Blocking Sensor 5

c. The Rest of the System 7

2. Conductivity-Based Instruments 9

C. Familiar Ground 10

1. Turbidimeters 11

a. Relative Measurement 11

b. Absolute Measurement 11

2. Turbidimeter Operation 12

3. Particle Counters and Turbidimeters 13

a. Similarities 13

b. Differences 13

4. Particle Counters and Turbidimeters Are Complementary 14

D. Grab Sample or Continuous Online? 14

Chapter 2 Applications for Drinking Water Treatment

A. Why Use Particle Counters for Drinking Water Treatment? 15

B. Cryptosporidium and Giardia 16

C. Particle Counters and Cryptosporidium and Giardia 16

D. Surrogate Measurement 17

E. Log Removal 18

F. Improving Filter Performance 19

1. Filter Run Time 21

G. Process Optimization 23

1. Flocculation 25

2. High Rating Filters 26

H. Process Applications 26

1. Conventional Treatment 26

2. Direct Filtration 27

3. Pilot Plants 27

4. Membrane Plants 28

5. Packaged Treatment Plants 29

I. Groundwater 29

J. Wastewater Applications 29

1. Tertiary Treatment 30

2. Reuse 30

3. Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection 30

Chapter 3 Installation, Operation, and Maintenance

A. Choosing Proper Sample Locations 31

1. Representative Sample 32

2. Short Sample Lines 33

3. Sample Line Materials 33

4. Valves, Pumps, and Manifolds 33

5. Temporary or Shared Sample Locations 34

6. Practical Considerations 35

B. Sample Flow 35

1. Maintaining Constant Head 35

2. Mounting the Constant-Head Overflow Weir for Best Operation 37

3. Other Flow Devices 37

a. Direct-Reading Rotometers 37

b. Low-Flow Detector 38

c. Electronic Flowmeters 38

d. Determining the Best Approach 39

C. Operation and Maintenance 40

1. Maintenance Schedule 40

2. Unscheduled Maintenance Problems 41

3. Maintenance Log 41

4. Maintenance Checklist 42

5. Flow Maintenance 42

6. Cleaning 43

a. Coatings on Flow Cell Windows 43

b. Clogs and Flow Cell Obstruction 43

7. Maintaining Sample Tubing 44

8. Strainers 45

9. Pilot Plants and Other Special Applications 45

D. Calibration 46

1. Particle Counter Calibration 46

2. Particle Counter Calibration Verification 47

3. Maintaining Calibration 47

Chapter 4 Collecting Data

A. Data Collection 50

B. Data Presentation 51

1. Trend Display 51

2. Trend Particle Counters with Other Plant Data 52

3. Other Data Displays 52

4. Data Reporting 52

5. Historical Data 52

C. System Structure 53

1. Turnkey System 53

2. Turnkey System with Additional Inputs 54

3. Particle Counter Tied Directly to the Plant SCADA System 54

a. Particle Counters Integrated Directly into SCADA 54

b. Hybrid Approaches 56

4. 4 to 20 mA Problems Current Loops 57

a. Digital vs. Analog 57

b. Specific Sources of Error in 4 to 20 mA Current Loops 58

c. Special 4 to 20 mA Problems in Particle Counting 58

Chapter 5 Grab Sampling

A. Particle Counter Grab-Sampler Operating Principles 61

B. Grab-Sample Particle Counting vs. Online Counting 62

1. Reasons for Choosing Grab Samplers Over Online Particle Counters 62

2. Drawbacks to Grab-Sample Particle Counting 63

a. Sample Handling 63

b. Grab Sampling Presents a Partial Picture 64

c. Data Handling 64

3. Benefits of Grab Samplers 64

4. Alternatives to Grab Sampling 65

C. Grab-Sampler Sample Handling 65

1. Sample Preparation 66

2. Sample Storage and Shipping 66

3. Running the Sample 67

4. Sample Dilution 67

a. Concentration Limits of the Particle Counter 68

b. Dilution Test 68

c. Diluents and Background Counts 69

D. Data Handling 70

E. Preparing a Workable Approach 70

1. Operator Training 70

2. Procedures 71

3. Data Presentation 71

4. Preventing Entropy 71

5. Maintaining a Consistent Sampling Pattern 71

Part II Understanding the Technology

Chapter 6 Specifications

A. Sensitivity 75

B. Signal-to-Noise Ratio 75

C. Resolution 77

D. Coincidence 77

E. Sizing Range 78

F. Sample Flow Range 78

G. Flow Cell Dimensions 79

H. Volumetric 79

Chapter 7 Particle Sensor Construction

A. Flow Cell 81

B. Cell Windows 81

C. Sample Fittings 82

D. Laser/Optical Assembly 83

Chapter 8 Particle Counter Electronics

A. Laser Driver 85

B. Detector Circuit 85

C. Counting Electronics 86

1. Voltage Comparator 87

2. Setting Comparator Size Thresholds 89

3. Analog-to-Digital Conversion 89

4. Pulse Height Analysis 90

D. Power Supply 90

Chapter 9 Auxiliary Features

A. Diagnostic Signals, Alarms, and Displays 93

B. Sample Flow Regulation 94

C. Analog Inputs 94

D. Discrete Inputs 95

E. Analog Outputs 95

1. 4 to 20 mA Basics 95

2. Signal Power and Isolation 96

3. Output Scaling 96

F. Discrete Outputs 97

G. Enclosure 97

Chapter 10 Serial Data Output

A. Basics of Serial Communications 99

C. SCADA Interface 101

D. Particle Counter Communication Protocol 102

1. Data Configuration 102

2. Timing and Control 102

3. Remote Programming 103

E. Communications Drivers 103

F. Sorting Out the Options 104

1. Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) 104

2. Networked File Sharing 104

3. Central Controller Unit 105

Chapter 11 Computerized Data Collection

A. Computer Basics 107

1. Platforms 107

2. Operating Systems 107

3. Processor 108

4. Memory 108

5. Storage Media 109

a. Hard Disk 109

b. Floppy Diskette 109

c. CD ROM 110

d. Other Permanent Storage Media 110

6. Communications Ports 110

a. Serial Port 110

b. Parallel Port 111

c. Network Card 111

d. USB 111

7. Additional Components 112

a. Motherboard 112

b. Mouse and Keyboard 112

c. Display 113

d. Modem 113

B. Computer Requirements for Particle Counting Systems 113

1. Computer Selection Guidelines 114

a. Purpose 114

b. Performance 114

c. Computer Brand 115

2. Recommended Computer for Particle Counting Systems 115

a. Power Conditioning 116

b. Operating System 116

c. Computer Components 116

d. Backup 116

e. Support Software 117

f. Modem 117

g. Networking 117

C. Data Management 117

1. Reporting 118

D. Upgrading Equipment and Software 119

E. Networking and Remote Communications 120

A. The Treatment Plant 121

1. Size and Future Plans 121

2. Staff 122

3. Treatment Process 122

B. Equipment Features 122

1. Packaging 123

2. Sensor Characteristics 123

a. Flow Cell 124

b. Sensor Performance 124

3. Counter Features 124

a. User-Selectable Size Ranges 124

b. Type of Counting Circuitry 125

c. Auxiliary Inputs 125

4. Flow Regulation 125

5. Data Collection and Presentation 125

a. Trend Display 125

b. Alarm Display 126

c. Reporting 126

d. Historical Data 126

Chapter 13 Grab Samplers

A. Equipment Features 127

1. Sample Delivery System 127

a. Portable Grab Samplers 127

b. Pressurized Batch Samplers 128

2. Packaging 129

3. Counting Electronics 129

4. Computer Interface 129

a. Hardware 129

b. Software 130

Chapter 14 Calibration

A. Calibration: An Inexact Science 131

B. Calibration Materials 131

C. Particle Size Calibration 132

D. Calibration Curve 134

E. Count Matching 134

F. Field Verification of Calibration 136

1. Size Verification 136

a. Particle Sample

Introduction 137

b. Grab-Sampler Comparison 137

2. Displaying Count Data 137

3. Count Verification 138

G. Some Unresolved Issues 138

Part III Assessing the Equipment

Chapter 15 Specifications

A. Met One PCX 143

B. Chemtrac PC2400D 143

C. ART Instruments 143

D. IBR WPCS 143

Chapter 16 Particle Sensor Construction

A. Flow Cell 147

1. Met One 147

2. Chemtrac 148

3. ARTI 149

4. IBR 149

B. Cell Windows 149

C. Sample Fittings 149

D. Laser/Optical Assembly 150

Chapter 17 Particle Counter Electronics

A. Counting Electronics 151

1. Met One 151

2. Chemtrac 152

3. ARTI and IBR 152

B. Power Supply 152

Chapter 18 Auxiliary Features

A. Diagnostic Signals, Alarms, and Displays 153

1. Chemtrac 153

2. Met One 153

3. IBR 154

4. ARTI 154

B. Sample Flow Regulation 154

1. Constant-Head Overflow Weir 154

a. Chemtrac and Met One 154

b. IBR 155

c. ARTI 155

2. Flow Measurement and Alarm 155

a. Chemtrac 155

b. Met One 155

c. IBR 156

d. ARTI 156

C. Analog Inputs 156

1. Chemtrac 156

2. Met One 156

3. IBR 157

4. ARTI 157

D. Discrete Inputs 157

1. Chemtrac 157

2. ARTI 157

3. Met One and IBR 157

E. Analog Outputs 158

1. Met One 158

a. Model PCT Analog Output Units 158

b. Model PCX Serial Output Unit 158

2. Chemtrac Model 2400D Serial Output Unit 158

3. IBR 159

4. ARTI 159

F. Discrete Outputs 159

1. Met One 159

2. ARTI 159

3. IBR and Chemtrac 159

G. Enclosures and Packaging 159

1. Chemtrac Systems 160

2. ARTI 160

3. Met One 160

4. IBR 161

Chapter 19 Serial Communications

A. Interface 163

B. Protocols 164

Chapter 20 Manufacturer's Software

A. Overview of Available Software 166

1. MetOne 166

2. Chemtrac 166

3. ARTI 166

4. IBR 167

B. Features 167

1. Data Presentation 167

2. Trend Display 168

a. Scaling and Configuration 168

b. Time Period 172

3. Tabular Data Display 176

4. Status Display and Alarms 177

5. Event Log 183

6. Reporting 183

a. WQS and TracWare 183

b. Intellitest 186

c. Aquarius 186

C. Configuring the Software 186

1. Particle Sensor Arrangement 188

2. Size Thresholds 188

3. Passwords and Security 188

4. Additional Features 189

a. Print Features 189

b. Histograms 189

5. Removal Calculations 189

Chapter 21 The Complete System

A. The Treatment Plant/Application 191

B. Equipment Features 192

1. Packaging 192

2. Sensor Characteristics 193

3. Counter Electronics 193

4. Software 193

5. Experience 194

Chapter 22 Grab Samplers

A. Equipment Features 195

1. Sample Delivery System 195

2. Packaging 196

3. Counting Features 198

4. Computer Interface 199

Chapter 23 Particle Counting from a Market Perspective 201

Chapter 24 Preparing Bid Specifications

A. Competitive Bidding 205

B. Prequalification and Alternate Bids 206

1. Alternate Bids 206

2. Prequalification 207

C. Avoiding Pitfalls 208.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 211-212) and index.

ISBN:

1566703069

OCLC:

44019513