Broadband wireless access / Benny Bing.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bing, Benny.

Contributor:

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Series:

Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science ; SECS 578.

The Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science ; SECS 578

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Broadband communication systems.

Multimedia systems--Congresses.

Multimedia systems.

Computer network protocols.

Genre:

Conference papers and proceedings.

Physical Description:

xxi, 262 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, [2000]

Contents:

1.1 Signal Coverage 1

1.2 Propagation Mechanisms 2

1.2.1 Multipath 2

1.2.2 Delay Spread 3

1.2.3 Coherence Bandwidth 4

1.2.4 Doppler Spread 5

1.2.5 Shadow Fading 6

1.2.6 Radio Propagation Modeling 6

1.2.7 Narrowband and Wideband Channel Models 6

1.3 Signal Attenuation 7

1.3.1 Received Power Characteristics 7

1.3.2 High Frequency Propagation 8

1.4 Channel Characteristics 9

1.4.1 Gaussian Channel 9

1.4.2 Rayleigh Channel 9

1.4.3 Rician Channel 10

1.5 Fading Mitigation Methods 10

1.5.1 Antenna Diversity 11

1.5.2 Equalization 11

1.5.3 Error Control 13

1.5.4 Multicarrier Transmission 13

1.5.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 14

1.5.6 Wideband Systems 15

1.6 Interference 15

1.6.1 Cochannel Interference 16

1.6.2 Mitigation Techniques 17

1.7 Modulation 17

1.7.1 Linear versus Constant Envelope 17

1.7.2 Coherent versus Non-Coherent Detection 18

1.7.3 Multicarrier Modulation 19

1.8 Signal Duplexing Techniques 20

1.8.1 Spectrum Considerations 20

1.8.2 Radio Design Considerations 20

1.8.3 Implementation Considerations 21

1.9 Mobility and Handoff 21

1.9.1 Intracell versus Intercell Handoff 22

1.9.2 Mobile-Intiated versus Network-Initiated Handoff 22

1.9.3 Forward versus Backward Handoff 23

1.9.4 Hard versus Soft Handoff 23

1.10 Channel Assignment Strategies 24

1.11 Synchronization 24

1.11 Power Management 25

1.13 Spectrum Allocation 25

Chapter 2 Wireless Access Protocol Design

2.1 Traffic Source Characterization 31

2.1.1 Periodic Traffic 31

2.1.2 Bursty Traffic 33

2.2 Characterizing Applications 34

2.2.1 Information Types 34

2.2.2 Delivery Requirements 34

2.2.3 Symmetry of Connection 35

2.2.4 Communication Requirements 35

2.2.5 Broadband Services 35

2.3 Resource Sharing 36

2.3.1 Resource Sharing Principles 36

2.3.2 The Global Queue 37

2.3.3 Measuring Resource Usage 38

2.3.4 Resource Sharing in Wideband Wireless Networks 38

2.3.5 Resource Reservation and Application Adaptation 39

2.3.6 Admission Control 39

2.4 Performance Analysis 40

2.5 Performance Evaluation 41

2.5.1 Efficiency 42

2.5.2 Throughput 42

2.5.3 Response Time 43

2.5.4 Fairness 43

2.6 Implementation Considerations 43

2.6.1 Centralized versus Distributed Design 43

2.6.2 Mobility versus Portability 44

2.6.3 Integration with Higher Layer Functions 45

Chapter 3 Multiple Access Communications

3.1 Characterizing the Access Problem 49

3.1.1 General Characteristics 50

3.1.2 Classification 50

3.2 Framework for Discussion 52

3.2.1 General Network Assumptions 53

3.2.2 Collisions 53

3.2.3 User Population 54

3.2.4 Propagation Delay 55

3.2.5 Channel Feedback 55

3.2.6 Full and Limited Sensing 56

Chapter 4 Fixed Allocation Access Protocols

4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 61

4.1.1 Disadvantages 62

4.1.2 Implementation 62

4.2 Time Division Multiple Access 62

4.2.1 Disadvantages 63

4.2.2 Implementation 64

4.3 Comparison of FDMA and TDMA 64

4.4 Performance Evaluation 65

4.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 65

4.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access 66

4.4.3 Statistical Multiplexing 68

4.5 Polling Protocols 69

4.5.1 Performance Analysis 70

4.5.2 Probing 71

4.5.3 Adaptive Probing 72

4.6 Service Disciplines in Polling Systems 73

Chapter 5 Contention Protocols

5.1 General Characteristics 77

5.2 ALOHA Protocols 77

5.2.1 Unslotted ALOHA 78

5.2.2 Slotted ALOHA 79

5.2.3 Disciplined ALOHA 80

5.2.4 Spread ALOHA 81

5.3 Performance Analysis of ALOHA Protocols 82

5.3.1 Throughput Analysis 83

5.3.2 Average Number of Retransmissions 84

5.3.4 Power Capture 86

5.3.5 Analyzing the Slotted ALOHA Protocol with Capture 86

5.3.6 Controlled ALOHA 87

5.3.7 Asymmetric Traffic Load 88

5.3.8 Scheduling Retransmissions 90

5.3.9 Delay Analysis 93

5.4 Stability Problems in ALOHA Protocols 94

5.4.1 Stability Characterization 95

5.4.2 Dynamic Controls 96

5.5 Feedback Algorithms 96

5.5.1 The Binary Tree Algorithm 97

5.5.2 Analyzing the Tree Algorithm 97

5.5.3 Improving the Tree Algorithm 100

5.5.4 The Splitting Algorithm 101

5.5.5 Implementation Considerations 102

5.6 Carrier Sense Multiple Access 103

5.6.1 CSMA Variations 103

5.6.2 Performance Considerations 104

5.6.3 Implementation Considerations 105

5.6.4 CSMA with Collision Detection 105

5.6.5 Virtual-Time CSMA 107

5.6.6 Busy Tone Multiple Access 108

5.7 Adaptive Protocols 108

5.7.1 The URN Protocol 108

5.8 Hybrid Access Protocols 109

5.8.1 Split Reservation Upon Collision 110

5.8.2 Mixed ALOHA Carrier Sense 110

5.8.3 Random Access Polling 110

Chapter 6 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access

6.1 Spread Spectrum Communications 119

6.2 Wideband Versus Narrowband 121

6.2.1 Code Division 121

6.2.2 Time Capture 121

6.2.3 Collisions in SSMA Systems 122

6.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 123

6.3.1 Processing Gain 124

6.3.2 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 124

6.3.3 Power Control 127

6.3.4 Synchronization 128

6.3.5 RAKE Receiver 128

6.3.6 Benefits of DSSS 129

6.4 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum 130

6.4.1 Slow and Fast FH 130

6.4.2 Benefits FHSS 131

6.5 Spreading Code Protocols 132

6.5.1 Common Code 132

6.5.2 Transmitter-Directed Codes 132

6.5.3 Receiver-Directed Codes 132

6.5.4 Single Code for Pairs of Users 133

6.6 CDMA Network Design 133

6.6.1 Multirate CDMA 133

6.6.2 CDMA Receivers 134

6.6.3 Multiuser Detection 134

6.6.4 Interference Cancellation and Suppression 135

6.6.5 Multicarrier CDMA 135

6.7 Performance Analysis 136

6.7.1 Queuing Theory Modeling 136

6.7.2 Estimating the Number of Users in DS-CDMA 137

6.8 Comparing FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA 139

6.8.1 Advantages of CDMA 139

6.8.2 Disadvantages of CDMA 141

Chapter 7 Reservation Protocols

7.1 General Characteristics 147

7.2 Centralized and Distributed 148

7.3 Reservation-ALOHA 148

7.3.1 Implementation Considerations 149

7.3.2 Performance Considerations 149

7.4 Packet Reservation Multiple Access 150

7.5 Dynamic Reservation 151

7.5.1 Implementation Considerations 152

7.5.2 Performance Considerations 152

7.6 Dynamic Reservation Multiple Access 153

7.7 Round-Robin Reservation Scheme 154

7.8 Split-Channel Reservation Multiple Access 155

7.9 Integrated Access Scheme 155

7.10 Demand Access Multiple Access 155

7.11 Priority-Oriented Demand Assignment 156

7.12 Announced Retransmission Random Access 156

7.13 Minislotted Protocols 157

7.14 Bit Map Access Protocol 158

7.15 Broadcast Recognition Access Method 158

7.16 Multilevel Multiple Access 158

Chapter 8 Broadband Wireless Access Protocols

8.1 The 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard 165

8.1.1 The Distributed Coordination Function 166

8.1.2 Virtual Sensing 168

8.1.3 The Point Coordination Function 170

8.2 The 5 GHz IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard 171

8.3 The HIPERLAN Type 1 Wireless LAN Standard 172

8.3.1 The EY-NPMA MAC Protocol 172

8.3.2 Quality of Service 175

8.4 The HIPERLAN Type 2 Wireless LAN Standard 175

8.4.1 HIPERLAN Type 2 MAC Protocol 176

8.4.2 HiperLAN Type 2 Frame Format 177

8.4.3 QoS support 178

8.5 Home Networks 179

8.5.1 HomeRF's Shared Wireless Access Protocol 179

8.5.2 Bluetooth's Access Mechanism 180

8.6 Wireless ATM 181

8.6.1 Simple Asynchronous Multiple Access 181

8.6.2 Distributed Queuing Request Update Multiple Access 182

8.6.3 MASCARA 183

8.6.4 WATMnet Access Protocol 184

8.6.5 AWACS Access Protocol 185

8.7 Satellite ATM 187

8.7.1 Multibeam Systems 187

8.7.2 Multifrequency TDMA 188

8.8 Wireless Local Loop 189

8.8.1 MMDS 189

8.8.2 LMDS 190

8.8.3 Access Methods in LMDS 190

8.9 IMT-2000 190

8.9.1 Coverage Areas and Data Rates 191

8.9.2 CDMA Proposals 191

8.9.3 Wideband CDMA 192

8.9.4 Time-Duplexed CDMA 193

8.9.5 CDMA2000 193

8.9.6 TDMA Proposals 194

Chapter 9 A Generalized Broadband Wireless Access Protocol

9.1 Protocol Description 199

9.2 Protocol Evaluation 203

9.3 Analysis of Randomized Slotted ALOHA 204

9.3.1 Throughput Analysis 205

9.3.2 Stability Analysis 206

9.4 Analysis of the Generalized Protocol 207

9.4.1 Throughput Analysis 212

9.4.2 Delay Analysis 214

9.5 Performance Comparison 221

9.6 Traffic Load Balancing 223

9.6.1 Protocol Description 226

9.6.2 Simulation Results 229

9.7 OPNET Simulation Models 232

9.8 OPNET Models for Generalized Protocol 233

9.8.1 User Model for Base Station 233

9.8.2 User Model for User with Periodic Traffic 234

9.8.3 Process Model for Base Station 234

9.8.4 Process Model for User with Periodic Traffic 236

9.9 OPNET Models for Traffic Load Balancing 238

9.9.1 User Model for Base Station 239

9.9.2 User Model for User with Periodic Traffic 239

9.9.3 Process Model for Base Station 240

9.9.4 Process Model for User with Periodic Traffic 240

9.10 Simulation Time 240

9.11 Formal Verification of Generalized Protocol 240

9.11.1 Correctness 241

9.11.2 Safety 241

9.11.3 Liveness 242

Appendix Queuing Theory Primer

A.1 The Poisson Process 247

A.2 Little's Theorem 248

A.3 The Single Server Queue 249

A.3.1 M/G/1 Queue 250

A.3.2 M/M/1 Queue 251

A.3.3 M/D/1 Queue 251

A.4 Conservation Laws 252.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

0792379551

OCLC:

44619495