Environmental justice analysis : theories, methods, and practice / Feng Liu.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Liu, Feng, 1963 October 2-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Environmental justice.

Environmental policy.

Equity.

Physical Description:

367 pages : illustrations, maps ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton : Lewis Publishers, [2001]

Summary:

"The book is an excellent and timely one. The major components in the overall organizational plan are excellent, i.e., the three major sections on theories, methods, and practice." -Robert B. Wenger, Professor Emeritus, Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay "The topic is important and while much has been written about environmental justice, most of it is polemical in nature. Dr. Liu has always performed solid, credible work and I believe this book would be comparable."-Roger Raufer, Adjunct Professor, Systems Engineering and City and Regional Planning Departments, University of Pennsylvania

Contents:

Chapter 1 Environmental Justice, Equity, and Policies

1.1 The Environmental Justice Movement 1

1.2 Environmental Justice Policies 5

1.3 Environmental Justice Analysis 10

Chapter 2 Theories and Hypotheses

2.1 Theories of Justice and Equity 19

2.1.1 Utilitarianism 20

2.1.2 Contractarianism and Egalitarianism 22

2.1.3 Libertarianism 23

2.1.4 Which Theory? 24

2.2 Economic Theory and Location Theory 26

2.2.1 Externality and Public Goods 27

2.2.2 Welfare Economics 28

2.2.3 Residential Location Theory 30

2.2.4 Industrial Location Theory 33

2.3 Theories of Risk 34

2.3.1 Psychometric Theory 35

2.3.2 Expected Utility Theory 36

2.3.3 Cultural Theory 36

2.3.4 Sociological Theory 37

2.4 Theories of Neighborhood Change 37

2.4.1 Classical Invasion-Succession Model 38

2.4.2 Neighborhood Life-Cycle Model 39

2.4.3 Push-Pull Model 40

2.4.4 Institutional Theory of Neighborhood Change 41

Chapter 3 Methodology and Analytical Framework for Environmental Justice and Equity Analysis

3.1 Inquiry and Environmental Justice Analysis 45

3.1.1 Positivism and Participatory Research 45

3.1.2 Scientific Reasoning 47

3.1.3 Validity 47

3.1.4 Causality 51

3.2 Methodological Issues in Environmental Justice Research 52

3.3 Integrated Analytical Framework 55

Chapter 4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts

4.1 Environmental and Human Impacts: Concepts and Processes 61

4.2 Modeling and Simulating Environmental Risks 65

4.2.1 Modeling Exposure 66

4.2.1.1 Emission Models 67

4.2.1.2 Dispersion Models 69

4.2.1.3 Time-Activity Patterns and Exposure Models 71

4.2.2 Modeling Dose-Response 72

4.3 Measuring and Modeling Economic Impacts 75

4.3.1 Contingent Valuation Method 75

4.3.2 Hedonic Price Method 76

4.4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts for Environmental Justice Analysis 81

4.5 Critique and Response of a Risk-Based Approach to Equity Analysis 86

Chapter 5 Quantifying and Projecting Population Distribution

5.1 Census 93

5.2 Population Measurements: Who Is Disadvantaged? 95

5.2.1 Race and Ethnicity 96

5.2.2 Income 99

5.2.3 Highly Susceptible of Exposed Subpopulations 104

5.2.4 Age 105

5.2.5 Housing 107

5.2.6 Education 108

5.3 Population Distribution 108

5.4 Population Projection and Forecast 110

5.4.1 Methods 111

5.4.2 Choosing the Right Method 113

Chapter 6 Defining Units of Analysis

6.1 The Debate on Choice of Unit of Analysis 117

6.2 Census Geography: Concepts, Criteria, and Hierarchy 120

6.2.1 Basic Hierarchy: Standard Geographic Units 120

6.2.2 Non-Standard Geographic Units 126

6.3 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Consistency, Comparability, and Availability 128

6.3.1 Hierarchical Relationship and Geographic Boundary 128

6.3.2 Boundary Comparability over Time 129

6.3.3 Data Availability and Comparability over Time 131

6.4 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Which One? 133

6.5 Alternative Units of Analysis 139

6.5.1 Based on the Boundary of Environmental Impacts 140

6.5.2 Based on the Boundary of Sociological Neighborhood 141

6.5.3 Based on the Boundary of Economic Impacts 142

6.5.4 Based on the Administrative/Political Boundary or Judicial Opinions 143

Chapter 7 Analyzing Data with Statistical Methods

7.1 Descriptive Statistics 145

7.2 Inferential Statistics 149

7.3 Correlation and Regression 152

7.4 Probability and Discrete Choice Models 156

7.5 Spatial Statistics 157

7.6 Applications of Statistical Methods in Environmental Justice Studies 158

Chapter 8 Integrating, Analyzing, and Mapping Data with GIS

8.1 Spatial Measures and Concepts 164

8.1.1 Spatial Data 164

8.1.2 Spatial Data Structure 164

8.1.3 Distance 165

8.1.4 Centroid 165

8.2 Spatial Interpolation 165

8.2.1 Point Interpolation 166

8.2.2 Areal Interpolation 167

8.3 GIS-Based Units of Analysis for Equity Analysis 168

8.3.1 Adjacency Analysis 168

8.3.2 Buffer Analysis 168

8.4 Overlay and Suitability Analysis 172

8.5 GIS-Based Operationalization of Equity Criteria 174

8.6 Integrating GIS and Urban and Environmental Models 175

Chapter 9 Modeling Urban Systems

9.1 Gravity Models, Spatial Interaction, and Entropy Maximization 178

9.2 Deterministic Utility, Random Utility, and Discrete Choice 181

9.2.1 Deterministic Utility and Optimization 182

9.2.2 Random Utility Theory and Discrete Choice 183

9.3 Policy Evaluation Measures 184

9.4 Operational Models 186

9.5 Integrating Urban and Environmental Models for Environmental Justice Analysis 191

Chapter 10 Equity Analysis of Air Pollution

10.1 Air Quality 195

10.2 Relationship between Air Quality and Population Distribution: Theories, Methods, and Evidence 199

10.2.1.1 Residential Location Theory and Spatial Interaction 199

10.2.1.2 Risk Perception and Human Response to Air Quality 200

10.2.1.3 Theories of Neighborhood Changes 201

10.3 Spatial Interaction Modeling Approach to Testing Environmental Inequity 205

10.3.1 Problem Definition 205

10.3.2 Hypothesis 205

10.3.3 Methods: Spatial Interaction Modeling Using DRAM 205

10.3.4 Index Construction and Data Preparation 207

10.3.5 Model Estimation 210

10.3.6.1 Los Angeles 213

10.3.6.2 Houston 215

10.4 Equity Analysis of National Ambient Air Quality Standards 219

10.4.3.1 Nonattainment Areas as a Whole 221

10.4.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Regional Differences 223

10.4.3.3 City vs. Non-City Nonattainment Areas 230

10.4.3.4 Major Findings 233

10.4.3.5 Implications for Environmental Policy 234

Chapter 11 Environmental Justice Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities, Superfund Sites, and Toxic Release Facilities

11.1 Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities 237

11.1.1 Hazardous Wastes 237

11.1.2 Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities 238

11.1.2.1 Cross-Sectional National Studies 239

11.1.2.2 Regional Studies 247

11.1.3 Methodological Issues 248

11.2 Equity Analysis of CERCLIS and Superfund Sites 250

11.2.1 CERCLIS and Superfund Sites 250

11.2.2 Hypotheses and Empirical Evidence 252

11.2.3 Methodological Issues 257

11.3 Equity Analysis of Toxic Release Facilities 258

11.3.1 Toxic Releases Inventory 258

11.3.2 National Studies and Evidence 261

11.3.3 Regional Studies and Methodological Improvements 264

11.3.4 Methodological Issues 266

Chapter 12 Dynamics Analysis of Locally Unwanted Land Uses

12.1 Methodological Issues in Dynamics Analysis 270

12.2 Framework for Dynamics Analysis 273

12.3 Revisiting the Houston Case: Hypothesis Testing 276

12.4 Discussion of Alternative Hypotheses 279

12.4.1 Invasion-Succession Hypothesis 279

12.4.2 Life-Cycle Hypothesis 280

12.4.3 Push Forces: Other Environmental Risks 282

Chapter 13 Equity Analysis of Transportation Systems, Projects, Plans, and Policies

13.1 Environmental Impacts of Transportation Systems 287

13.2 Incorporating Equity Analysis in the Transportation Planning Process 288

13.3 Transportation System Performance Measures 291

13.4 Equity Analysis of Mobility and Accessibility 292

13.4.2 Using Accessibility for Equity Analysis 297

13.4.3 Empirical Evidence about Mobility Disparity 300

13.4.4 Accessibility Disparity and Spatial Mismatch 302

13.5 Measuring Distributional Impacts on Property Values 304

13.6 Measuring Environmental Impacts 307

13.7 Equity Analysis of Transportation Policies 308

13.8 Environmental Justice of Transportation in Court 311

14.1 Internet-Based and Community-Based Tools 315

14.1.1 EPA's Environfacts 315

14.1.2 LandView III 317

14.1.3 Environmental Defense's Scorecard (http://www.scorecard.org/) 318.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 323-349) and index.

ISBN:

1566704030

OCLC:

44172908