Toxicology of the human environment : the critical role of free radicals / edited by Christopher J. Rhodes.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Rhodes, Christopher J.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Environmental toxicology.

Free radicals (Chemistry)--Toxicology.

Free radicals (Chemistry).

Nitroxides--Toxicology.

Nitroxides.

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Toxicology.

Local Subjects:

Toxicology.

Physical Description:

xvi, 494 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

London ; New York : Taylor & Francis, 2000.

Contents:

Part I Spin-trapping 5

2 Chemistry of spin-trapping / Rheal A. Towner 7

2.2 Types of spin-trap 11

2.3 Selection criteria 15

2.4 Structural assignment considerations 17

3 Spin-trapping: problems and artefacts / Lennart Eberson 25

3.2 The redox reactivity of spin-traps and reagents involved in the radical cation mechanism; inverted spin-trapping 26

3.3 The Forrester

Hepburn mechanism; nucleophilic addition

oxidation 31

3.4 Detection of spin adducts in biochemical/biological systems 40

3.5 Cycloaddition as a possible cause of artefacts 41

4 In vivo spin-trapping

from chemistry to toxicology / Ronald P. Mason 49

5 Ex vivo detection of free radicals / Aldo Tomasi, Anna Iannone, Marco Ferrari, Valentina Quaresima 71

5.2 Ex vivo spin-trapping of short-lived free radicals 72

5.3 Nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide, NO[superscript .], NO) 78

Part II Nitroxides 89

6 The metabolism of nitroxides in cells and tissues / Harold M. Swartz, Graham S. Timmins 91

6.2 Reduction of nitroxides in mammalian cells 93

6.3 Cellular oxidation of hydroxylamines 99

6.4 The toxicity of nitroxides 99

6.5 Applications of the metabolism of nitroxides 100

7 Clinical uses of nitroxides as superoxide-dismutase mimics / James B. Mitchell, Murali C. Krishna, Amram Samuni, Periannan Kuppusamy, Stephen M. Hahn, Angelo Russo 113

7.2 Structural features and chemical properties of nitroxides 114

7.3 In vitro and in vivo toxicity 118

7.4 In vitro radioprotection by nitroxides 122

7.5 In vivo radioprotection by nitroxides 124

7.6 Protection against redox-cycling chemotherapy drugs 128

7.7 Nitroxides as functional imaging probes 131

8 Nitroxide skin toxicity / Jurgen Fuchs 139

8.2 Materials and methods 141

8.3 Results 145

Part III Toxic role of specific agents 153

9 Biological oxidations catalyzed by iron released from ferritin / Christopher A. Reilly, Steven D. Aust 155

9.2 Iron-catalyzed oxidations 155

9.3 Biological sources of catalytic iron 164

9.4 Antioxidant defences for iron-mediated toxicity 174

10 The toxicology of iron / Rodney Bilton 191

10.2 Human conditions and diseases involving iron toxicity 197

10.3 From oxygen via iron to the hydroxyl radical 201

11 The role of free radicals in the toxicology of airborne particulate pollutants / Peter Evans 209

11.2 Silica toxicity 210

11.3 Coal 211

11.4 Asbestos 212

11.5 Man-made mineral fibres 215

11.6 Zeolites 216

11.7 Smoke 217

11.8 Traffic air pollution 219

11.9 Nutritional and physiological antioxidants 222

11.10 Pharmacological antioxidants 223

12 Free radical mechanisms of ethanol toxicity / Emanuele Albano 235

12.2 Mechanisms involved in causing oxidative damage by alcohol 236

12.3 Free radical-mediated processes in organ damage by alcohol 244

12.4 Role of free radical-mediated mechanisms in alcohol toxicity 248

13 The role of cytokines in the inflammatory response / Carmen M. Arroyo 265

13.2 Activation of TNF-[alpha] by THP-1 exposed to H-MG 266

13.3 Nitrosyl chloride in keratinocytes exposed to HD 273

14 Duplicity of thiols and thiyl radicals: protector and foe / Christopher J. Rhodes 285

14.2 Background to the muon spectroscopy technique 286

14.3 Experimental section 287

14.4 Structural studies of thiyl radicals 287

14.5 Reactivity of thiyl radicals 290

14.6 Evidence for actual biological significance of thiyl radicals 293

15 Synergistic effect of carbon tetrachloride and 1,2-dibromoethane / Giuseppe Poli, Manuela Aragno, Elena Chiarpotto, Simonetta Camandola, Oliviero Danni 301

15.2 Carbon tetrachloride and 1,2-dibromoethane interactions 301

16 Reactive oxygen species in physiology and toxicology / Nalini Kaul, Henry Jay Forman 311

16.1 Production of free radicals 312

16.2 Biological sources of free radicals 314

16.3 Toxicity of reactive oxygen species 316

16.4 Oxidant stress and signaling 320

16.5 Oxidative stress and inflammation 325

16.6 Oxidative stress in apoptosis, necrosis and cell growth 327

16.7 Oxidative stress and carcinogenesis 328

Part IV Free radicals in specific disease states 337

17 The role of free radicals in chemical carcinogenesis / Joseph R. Landolph 339

17.2 Stimulation of the arachidonic acid cascade, oxygen radical generation, and chemical carcinogenesis 342

17.3 Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, free radicals, and chemical carcinogenesis 346

17.4 Metal-induced free radical generation and metal salt carcinogenesis 347

17.5 Endogenous oxygen radical generation and carcinogenesis 353

18 Free radical involvement in cardiovascular and respiratory diseases / Frank J. Kelly 363

18.1 Heart disease 363

18.2 Lung diseases 365

Part V Free radicals in the diet 371

19 NMR evaluation of thermally-induced peroxidation in culinary oils / Martin Grootveld, Christopher J.L. Silwood, Andrew W.D. Claxson 373

19.2 Materials and methods 375

19.3 Results 378

Part VI Chemical models 395

20 The structure and electronic properties of oxy intermediates in the enzymatic cycle of cytochrome P450s / Dan Harris 397

20.2 Theoretical and technical aspects 402

20.3 Results and discussion 404

21 Spin-trapping

applications to photochemical and photobiological problems / Colin F. Chignell 421

21.2 Photochemistry of photosensitizers 421

21.3 Free radical and EPR 423

21.4 Spin-trapping in photochemical systems 429

21.5 Spin-trapping of oxygen-centered radicals 431

21.6 Spin-trapping of radicals from photosensitizing chemicals 433

22 Thermodynamic considerations of free radical reactions / John Butler 437

22.2 Reduction 437

22.3 Oxidation 438

22.4 pH dependence of reduction potentials 438

22.5 Measurement of reduction potentials 441

22.6 Redox enzymes 442

22.7 Drugs, oxygen and metals 444

23 The use of QSAR for the prediction of free radical toxicity / Mark T.D. Cronin, Thuy T. Tran 453

23.2 Identification of compounds likely to form free radicals 454

23.3 Acute toxicity 456

23.4 Skin sensitisation 463

23.5 Teratogenicity 464

23.6 Mutagenicity 466.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0748409165

OCLC:

41468491