Chlorine : principles and industrial practice / edited by Peter Schmittinger.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Schmittinger, Peter.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chlorine.

Chlorine industry.

Chlorine--Environmental aspects.

Chlorine--Industrial applications.

Local Subjects:

Chlorine.

Chlorine industry.

Chlorine--Environmental aspects.

Chlorine--Industrial applications.

Physical Description:

xi, 254 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Weinheim ; New York : Wiley-VCH, 2000.

Contents:

2. Physical Properties 3

3. Chemical Properties 11

4. Chlor-Alkali Process 19

4.1. Brine Supply 24

4.2. Electricity Supply 26

5. Mercury Cell Process 29

5.1. Principles 30

5.2. Mercury Cells 37

5.2.1. Uhde Cell 37

5.2.2. De Nora Cell 39

5.2.3. Olin-Mathieson Cell 40

5.2.4. Solvay Cell 40

5.3. Operation 40

5.3.1. Brine System 40

5.3.2. Cell Room 41

5.3.3. Treatment of the Products 43

5.3.4. Measurement 44

5.3.5. Mercury Emissions 45

6. Diaphragm Process 51

6.1. Principles 51

6.2. Diaphragm Cells 56

6.2.1. Dow Cell 58

6.2.2. Glanor Electrolyzer 60

6.2.3. OxyTech "Hooker" Cells 62

6.2.4. HU Monopolar Cells 63

6.2.5. OxyTech MDC Cells 65

6.3. Operation 66

6.3.1. Brine System 68

6.3.2. Cell Room 69

6.3.3. Diaphragm Aging 71

6.3.4. Treatment of the Products 71

6.3.5. Measurement 74

7. Membrane Process 77

7.1. Principles 77

7.2. Process Specific Aspects 83

7.2.1. Brine Purification 84

7.2.2. Commercial Membranes 92

7.2.3. Power Consumption 94

7.2.4. Product Quality 95

7.3. Membrane Cells 95

7.3.1. Monopolar and Bipolar Designs 95

7.3.2. Commercial Electrolyzers 96

7.3.3. Comparison of Electrolyzers 105

7.3.4. Cell Room 106

8. Electrodes 109

8.1. Anodes 109

8.1.1. General Properties of the Anodes 109

8.1.2. Anodes for Mercury Cells 111

8.1.3. Anodes for Diaphragm Cells 112

8.1.4. Anodes for Membrane Cells 113

8.2. Activated Cathode Coatings 114

9. Comparison of the Processes 117

9.1. Product Quality 117

9.2. Economics 119

9.2.1. Equipment 119

9.2.2. Operating Costs 120

9.3. Sodium Hydroxide and Potassium Hydroxide 122

9.3.1. Sodium Hydroxide 122

9.3.2. Potassium Hydroxide 129

10. Other Production Processes 133

10.1. Electrolysis of Hydrochloric Acid 133

10.2. Chemical Processes 135

10.2.1. Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Chloride by Oxygen 136

10.2.2. Oxidation of Hydrogen Chloride by Nitric Acid 138

10.2.3. Production of Chlorine from Chlorides 138

11. Chlorine Purification and Liquefaction 139

11.1. Cooling 139

11.2. Chlorine Purification 140

11.3. Drying 142

11.4. Transfer and Compression 142

11.5. Liquefaction 143

11.6. Chlorine Recovery 145

12. Chlorine Handling 147

12.1. Storage Systems 147

12.2. Transport 148

12.3. Chlorine Discharge Systems 151

12.4. Chlorine Vaporization 152

12.5. Treatment of Gaseous Effluents 153

12.6. Materials 154

12.7. Safety 155

13. Quality Specifications and Analytical Methods 157

13.1. Quality Specifications 157

13.2. Analytical Methods 157

14. Uses of Chlorine 159

14.1. Use of Elemental Chlorine 160

14.1.1. Water Disinfection 160

14.1.2. Pulp and Paper 164

14.2. Inorganic Nonmetal Chlorides 166

14.2.1. Phosphorchlorides 166

14.2.2. Sulfur Chlorides 167

14.2.3. Nitrogen-Chlorine Compounds 168

14.2.4. Hydrogen Chloride, HCl, and Hydrochloric Acid 169

14.2.5. Oxygen Chlorine Compounds 171

14.3. Metal Chlorides 174

14.3.1. Titanium Chlorides 174

14.3.2. Zirconium Chloride 175

14.3.3. Aluminum Chloride 176

14.3.4. Iron Chlorides 176

14.3.5. Other Metal Chlorides 177

14.4. Silicon 177

14.5. Phosgene 180

14.6. Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 184

14.6.1. Chloromethanes 184

14.6.1.1. Monochloromethane, Methyl Chloride, CH[subscript 3]Cl 185

14.6.1.2. Dichloromethane, Methylene Chloride, CH[subscript 2]Cl[subscript 2] 186

14.6.1.3. Trichloromethane, Chloroform, CHCl[subscript 3] 187

14.6.1.4. Tetrachloromethane, CCl[subscript 4] 187

14.6.2. Chloroethanes 188

14.6.2.1. Monochloroethane, Ethylchloride, C[subscript 2]H[subscript 3]Cl 188

14.6.2.2. 1,1-Dichloroethane 189

14.6.2.3. 1,2-Dichloroethane, EDC, C[subscript 2]H[subscript 4]Cl[subscript 2] 189

14.6.2.4. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 191

14.6.3. Chloroethenes 191

14.6.3.1. Vinylchloride, VCM 191

14.6.3.2. 1,1-Dichloroethene, Vinylidene chloride, VDC 194

14.6.3.3. Trichloroethene, TRI 195

14.6.3.4. Tetrachloroethene, PER 196

14.6.3.5. Chlorohydrin 196

14.6.4. Other Chlorinated C[subscript 2]-Compounds 197

14.6.4.1. Chloracetic Acids 197

14.6.4.2. Chloroacetaldehydes 197

14.6.4.3. Ethenechlorohydrin 198

14.6.5. Chloropropanes 198

14.6.6. Chloropropenes and Derivates, Propylene Oxide 199

14.6.6.1. Chloropropenes and Derivates 199

14.6.6.2. Propylene Oxide 200

14.6.7. Chlorobutanes 202

14.6.8. Chlorobutenes 203

14.6.9. Chlorinated Paraffins 204

14.7. Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons 205

14.7.1. Nucleus-Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons 205

14.7.1.1. Chlorinated Benzenes 205

14.7.1.2. Dichlorobenzenes 206

14.7.1.3. Chlorinated Toluenes 206

14.7.1.4. Chlorophenols 207

14.7.2. Side-Chain-Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons 208

14.8. Chlorine Balances 209

14.9. Environmental Aspects 211

14.9.1. Ozone Depletion and Global Warming 212

14.9.1.1. Ozone Depletion 212

14.9.1.2. Global Warming 215

14.9.2. Dioxins 217

14.9.3. Persistent Organic Pollutants, POPs 220

15. Economic Aspects 223

16. Toxicology 227

17. Chlorine

the Past and the Future 229.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 231-243) and index.

ISBN:

3527298517

OCLC:

42620636