Critical topics in exhaust gas aftertreatment / Peter Eastwood.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Eastwood, Peter, 1963-

Contributor:

Class of 1932 Fund.

Series:

Mechanical engineering research studies. Engineering design series ; 3.

Engineering design series ; 3

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Automobiles--Pollution control devices.

Automobiles.

Physical Description:

xiv, 405 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Baldock, England ; Philadelphia : Research Studies Press ; Hebron, Ky. : Distributed by Taylor & Francis ; Bognor Regis, England : Distributed by John Wiley, [2000]

Summary:

Many nations are still falling short of air quality goals, and consequently their governments are enacting tougher emissions legislation than ever before. This book reviews the major technical issues involved in meeting this legislation by aftertreatment, the most effective weapon in the engineer's armory against automobile pollution.

Featured in this book are topics critical to exhaust aftertreatment, including the problems which need to be overcome, and the possible solutions currently under investigation. Aftertreatment is covered as an emissions subject in its own right and all components of the entire system are also included, not just catalysts. There are highly technical issues presented in a way that makes them readily accessible to the non-specialist.

Contents:

Chapter 2 The Exhaust Environment 7

2.2 Carbon Monoxide 9

2.2.1 Formation Mechanisms 9

2.2.2 Environmental Implications 10

2.3 Oxides of Nitrogen 10

2.3.1 Formation Mechanisms 11

2.3.2 Environmental Implications 11

2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 12

2.4.1 Formation Mechanisms 13

2.4.2 Environmental Implications 14

2.5 Particulate Matter 15

2.5.1 Formation Mechanisms 16

2.5.2 Environmental Implications 18

2.6 Secondary Pollutants 19

2.6.1 Ozone and Smog 19

2.6.2 Acid Rain 20

2.7 Gasoline Engine Aftertreatment 21

2.7.1 Stoichiometric Fuelling 23

2.7.2 Lean Fuelling 26

2.8 Diesel Engine Aftertreatment 27

2.8.1 Particulate Filters 29

2.8.2 Oxidation Catalysts 30

2.9 Closure 31

Chapter 3 Diesel Particulate Filters 33

3.2 Operating Principles 35

3.2.1 Filtration 35

3.2.2 Regeneration 38

3.3 Thermal Regeneration 40

3.3.1 Fuel-Fed Burners 41

3.3.2 Electrical Heating 44

3.4 Compressed Air Regeneration 45

3.4.1 Operating Principles 46

3.4.2 System Design 49

3.5 Catalytic Regeneration 50

3.5.1 Fuel Additives 52

3.5.2 Catalysed Traps 55

3.5.3 Oxidation by NO[subscript 2] 57

3.5.4 Electrocatalytic Regeneration 60

3.6 New Filter Materials 60

3.6.1 Silicon Carbide 60

3.6.2 Ceramic Fibres 62

3.6.3 Metal 63

3.7 Trap Protection Measures 65

3.8 Particle Size and Number 66

3.9 Modeling 68

3.9.1 Filtration 68

3.9.2 Pressure Drop 69

3.9.3 Darcy's Law 70

3.9.4 Permeability-Density Product 72

3.9.5 Reynolds Number 73

3.9.6 Regeneration 74

3.9.7 Fuel Additives 76

3.9.8 Continuous Regeneration 78

3.10 Outlook 80

Chapter 4 Diesel Oxidation Catalysts 85

4.2 Removal of PM, HC and CO 86

4.3 Formation of Sulphate Particulate 91

4.4 Storage Effects 93

4.5 Operating Temperature 96

4.6 Catalyst Formulation 97

4.7 Particle Size and Number 101

Chapter 5 Formulation of Three-Way Catalysts 105

5.2 Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium 106

5.2.1 Platinum-Rhodium 106

5.2.2 Palladium-Only 107

5.2.3 Palladium-Rhodium 109

5.2.4 Tri-Metal Catalysts 110

5.2.5 Dual-Bed Systems 112

5.3 The Washcoat 113

5.3.1 Ceria 113

5.3.2 Lanthana 116

5.3.3 Zirconia and Yttria 116

5.4 Next Generation Catalysts 117

5.5 Formation of Hydrogen Sulphide 118

5.5.1 Formation Mechanisms 118

5.5.2 Preventative Measures 120

5.6 Outlook 123

Chapter 6 Aging in Catalysts and Oxygen Sensors 127

6.2 Functional Changes 128

6.3 Chemical Deactivation 131

6.3.1 Lead 131

6.3.2 Carbon 131

6.3.3 Silicon 132

6.3.4 Manganese 132

6.3.5 Phosphorous 133

6.3.6 Sulphur 136

6.4 Thermal Deactivation 141

6.4.1 Precious Metals 142

6.4.2 Washcoat 143

6.4.3 Rhodium-Alumina Interaction 143

6.4.4 Oxygen Storage Capacity 144

6.5 Oxygen Sensors 144

6.6 Outlook 147

Chapter 7 The Cold-Start Problem 149

7.2 Engine-Out Emissions 152

7.2.1 Engine Management 152

7.2.2 Hardware 154

7.3 Insulation and Heat Storage 155

7.4 Secondary Air 156

7.5 Light-Off and Close-Coupled Catalysts 157

7.6 Electrically-Heated Catalysts 161

7.6.1 Design of the Catalyst 162

7.6.2 Electrical Sub-System and Heating Strategy 163

7.6.3 Secondary Air and Injection Strategy 167

7.6.4 System Configurations 168

7.7 Adsorbers 169

7.7.1 Formulation 170

7.7.2 Adsorption Affinity 171

7.7.3 System Configurations 174

7.8 Afterburners 176

7.9 Oxygen Sensors 179

7.10 Outlook 182

Chapter 8 DeNO[subscript X] Catalysts 187

8.2 Principles of Lean NO[subscript X] Catalysis 189

8.2.1 Formulation 189

8.2.2 Temperature Window 190

8.2.3 Hydrocarbons 191

8.2.4 Secondary Emissions 193

8.2.5 Aging 194

8.2.6 System Configurations 195

8.3 Passive DeNO[subscript X] 196

8.3.1 Gasoline Engines 196

8.3.2 Diesel Engines 198

8.4 Active DeNO[subscript X]: Reduction with Hydrocarbons 200

8.4.1 Dynamic Dosage Control 200

8.4.2 Injection Method 201

8.4.3 Gas Phase Reactions and Dissipation 202

8.4.4 Injection Schedules 203

8.4.5 Self-Heating 204

8.4.6 Choice of Reductant 204

8.5 Active DeNO[subscript X]: Reduction with Ammonia 206

8.5.1 Reaction Pathways 206

8.5.2 Metering 207

8.5.3 Packaging 209

8.5.4 Zeolitic Catalysts 209

8.5.5 Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction 210

8.6 Lean NO[subscript X] Traps 210

8.6.1 Operating Principles 211

8.6.2 System Integration 213

8.6.3 Deactivation by Sulphur 215

8.6.4 Thermal Deactivation 218

8.7 Non-Thermal Plasma 219

8.8 Electrocatalysis 222

Chapter 9 Catalyst Monitoring 227

9.2 The Legal Requirement 230

9.3 Temperature Measurement 231

9.3.1 Temperature Probes 231

9.3.2 Steady-State Measurements 232

9.3.3 Transient Measurements 234

9.3.4 Energy Balance 236

9.4 Dual Oxygen Sensor Method 239

9.4.1 The HEGO Index 242

9.4.2 The Role of Oxygen Storage Capacity 243

9.4.3 Manipulation of the "Hockey-Stick" 249

9.4.4 Deactivation Mode 251

9.5 Potential for New Exhaust Gas Sensors 253

9.5.1 Non-Equilibrium Sensors 253

9.5.2 Selective Sensors 260

9.5.3 Wide-Band Sensors 263

9.6 HEGO Diagnostics 264

9.7 Outlook 264

Chapter 10 Fuels 269

10.2 Diesel 270

10.3 Gasoline 271

10.3.1 Bias and Shift 272

10.3.2 Aromatics 274

10.4 Natural Gas 275

10.4.1 Compositional Variations 276

10.4.2 Stoichiometric Burn 277

10.4.3 Lean Burn 282

10.5 Methanol 283

10.6 Outlook 285

Chapter 11 Closure 287

11.1 Integration 287

11.2 Fuel Sulphur 288

11.3 Regulations 290

11.3.1 "Off-Cycle" Emissions 290

11.3.2 Organics 291

11.3.3 Particulate Matter 292

11.3.4 Nitrous Oxide 295

11.4 Applications 295

11.5 The Consumer 298.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 301-372) and indexes.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Class of 1932 Fund.

ISBN:

0863802427

OCLC:

43708548