Health psychology : a textbook / Jane Ogden.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ogden, Jane, 1966-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Clinical health psychology.

Psychology, Clinical.

Medical Subjects:

Psychology, Clinical.

Physical Description:

xvii, 396 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Buckingham [England] ; Philadelphia : Open University Press, 2000.

Contents:

What is the biomedical model? 2

The twentieth century 3

Psychosomatic medicine 3

Behavioural health 3

Behavioural medicine 3

Health psychology 4

What are the aims of health psychology? 6

What is the future of health psychology? 7

The clinical health psychologist 7

A professional health psychologist 7

What are the aims of this book? 8

Chapter 2 Health beliefs 12

What are health behaviours? 13

Why study health behaviours? 13

McKeown's thesis 13

What factors predict health behaviours? 17

Attribution theory 17

Health locus of control 19

Unrealistic optimism 20

The stages of change model 21

Integrating these different health beliefs: developing models 23

Cognition models 23

The health belief model 23

The protection motivation theory 26

Focus on research 2.1 Testing a theory

Predicting sexual behaviour 28

Social cognition models 30

The theory of planned behaviour 30

The health action process approach 33

New developments 35

Predicting intentions: the need to incorporate new cognitions 35

Predicting behaviour: exploring the intention-behaviour gap 36

Lay theories about health 38

Chapter 3 Illness cognitions 42

What does it mean to be healthy? 43

What does it mean to be ill? 44

What are illness cognitions? 44

Evidence for these dimensions of illness cognitions 45

Measuring illness cognitions 46

Leventhal's self-regulatory model of illness cognitions 47

Stage 1 Interpretation 48

Stage 2 Coping 49

Stage 3 Appraisal 49

Why is the model called self-regulatory? 49

Problems with assessment 50

Stage 1 Interpretation 50

Symptom perception 50

Focus on research 3.1 Testing a theory

Illness representations and coping 51

Social messages 55

Stage 2 Coping 55

Coping with a diagnosis 56

Coping with the crisis of illness 56

Adjustment to physical illness and the theory of cognitive adaptation 61

The role of illusions 63

Implications for the outcome of the coping process 64

Using the self-regulatory model to predict recovery 64

Predicting recovery from stroke 64

Predicting recovery from MI 65

Chapter 4 Doctor-patient communication and the role of health professionals' health beliefs 68

What is compliance? 69

Predicting whether patients are compliant: the work of Ley 69

Patient satisfaction 69

Patient understanding 70

Focus on research 4.1 Testing a theory

Patient satisfaction 71

Patient's recall 73

How can compliance be improved? 74

The role of information 74

Recommendations for improving compliance 74

The wider role of information in illness 75

Information and recovery from surgery 75

Using information to improve recovery 75

The role of knowledge in doctor-patient communication 76

Problems with the traditional approach to doctor-patient communication 77

The adherence model of communication 77

The problem of doctor variability 78

Explaining variability

clinical decision-making as problem-solving 78

the role of health professionals' health beliefs 82

Communicating beliefs to patients 84

an interaction between health professional and patient 85

For discussion 88

Chapter 5 Smoking and alcohol use 90

Who smokes? 91

Who drinks? 92

Health implications of smoking and alcohol use 92

Is smoking bad for health? 92

Is alcohol consumption bad for health? 93

What is an addiction? 94

Historical changes in attitude and theoretical approach 95

The seventeenth century and the moral model of addictions 95

The nineteenth century and the 1st disease concept 96

The twentieth century and the 2nd disease concept 96

The 1970s and onwards - social learming theory 97

What is the 2nd disease concept? 97

A pre-existing physical abnormality 97

A pre-existing psychological abnormality 98

Acquired dependency 98

Problems with a disease model of addiction 99

What is the social learning perspective? 99

The processes involved in learning an addictive behaviour 100

The stages of substance use 101

Stages 1 and 2 Initiating and maintaining an addictive behaviour 102

Smoking initiation and maintenance 102

Alcohol initiation and maintenance 103

Stage 3 The cessation of an addictive behaviour 104

The process of cessation 104

Focus on research 5.1 Testing a theory - Stages of smoking cessation 106

Interventions to promote cessation 108

Focus on research 5.2 Putting theory into practice - Worksite smoking ban 114

Methodological problems evaluating clinical and public health interventions 116

Stage 4 Relapse in smoking and drinking 117

Baseline state 118

Pre-lapse state 118

No lapse or lapse? 119

The abstinence violation effect 119

A cross-addictive behaviour perspective 120

Smoking and eating behaviour 120

Chapter 6 Obesity and eating behaviour 125

How common is obesity? 127

What are the problems with obesity? 127

Physical problems 127

Psychological problems 127

Beliefs about obesity 129

What causes obesity? 129

Physiological theories 129

Behavioural theories 132

What does all this research mean? 139

Problems with obesity research 139

Restraint theory: an alternative approach to overeating 141

Attempting to eat less: the problem of dieting 141

What is body dissatisfaction? 141

Where does body dissatisfaction come from? 142

Body dissatisfaction and dieting 147

The role of restrained eating in under- and overeating 148

Focus on research 6.1 Testing a theory - Overeating as a rebellion 151

Problems with restraint theory 156

The implications of restraint theory for obesity treatment 156

Traditional treatment approaches 156

Multidimensional behavioural programmes 157

The role of restraint in treating obesity 158

Restraint, obesity and health 159

Should obesity be treated at all? 160

The benefits of treatment 160

The treatment alternatives 160

Obesity and the role of personal responsibility 161

Chapter 7 Exercise 165

Developing the contemporary concern with exercise behaviour 166

Who exercises? 167

Why exercise? 167

The physical benefits of exercise 168

The psychological benefits of exercise 169

Focus on research 7.1 Testing a theory - Exercise and mood 171

What factors predict exercise? 172

Social/political predictors of exercise 172

Individual predictors of exercise 174

The role of attitudes and beliefs 175

Exercise relapse 176

Focus on research 7.2 Testing a theory - Predicting exercise 177

Chapter 8 Sex 182

Developing the contemporary research perspectives on sex 183

Sex as biological, for reproduction 183

Sex as biological, for pleasure 183

Sex as a risk to health 185

Sex as interaction 185

Sex as a risk and pregnancy avoidance 186

What is contraceptive use? 186

Who uses contraception? 186

Developmental models 187

Decision-making models 189

Integrating developmental and decision-making approaches to contraception use 191

Sex as a risk in the context of STDs/HIV and AIDS 194

Do people use condoms? 194

Predicting condom use 196

Social cognition models 196

Perceptions of susceptibility - are you at risk? 199

Sex as an interaction between individuals 200

Focus on research 8.1 Testing a theory - The situation and condom use 201

The broader social context 204

Chapter 9 Screening 210

The history of the screening ethos 211

Early screening programmes 211

Recent screening programmes 212

Screening as a useful tool 212

Guidelines for screening 213

Psychological predictors of the uptake of screening 213

Patient factors 214

Health professional factors 214

Focus on research 9.1 Testing a theory - Predicting screening 215

Organizational factors 218

Screening as problematic 218

Is screening ethical? 219

Is screening cost-effective? 222

The effects of screening on the psychological state of the

individual 225

Why has this backlash happened? 228

Chapter 10 Stress 231

The development of stress models 232

Cannon's fight or flight model 232

Selye's general adaptation syndrome 232

Life events theory 233

A role for psychological factors in stress 236

The transactional model of stress 236

Does appraisal influence the stress response? 237

Stress as psychophysiological changes 238

Self-control and stress 238

Does stress cause illness? 239

Stress and changes in behaviour 239

Stress and changes in physiology 241

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) 242

Which factors mediate the stress-illness link? 244

Social support 245

Focus on research 10.1 Testing a theory

Social support and health 247

Control 249

Control and social support in stress and illness 252

Assumptions in health psychology 253

Chapter 11 Pain 255

Early pain theories

pain as a sensation 256

Including psychology in theories of pain 256

The gate control theory of pain 257

Input to the gate 257

Output from the gate 258

How does the GCT differ from earlier models of pain? 258

What opens the gate? 259

What closes the gate? 259

Problems with the GCT 259

The role of psychosocial factors in pain perception 259

Subjective-affective-cognitive processes 260

Behavioural processes 261

Recent developments in theories of pain 262

Pain treatment

a role for psychology? 262

Multidisciplinary pain clinics 262

Focus on research 11.1 Putting theory into practice

Treating chronic pain 263

Placebos and pain reduction 267

Measuring pain 267

Self-reports 267

Observational assessment 268

Physiological measures 268

Chapter 12 The interrelationship between beliefs, behaviour and health

the example of placebos 271

What is a placebo? 272

A history of inert treatments 272

Modern-day placebos 273

Placebos

to be taken out of an understanding of health? 273

How do placebos work? 274

Non-interactive theories 274

Interactive theories 275

The central role of patient expectations 278

Focus on research 12.1 Testing a theory

'Doing as you're told' as a placebo 280

Cognitive dissonance theory 283

The effect of investment 283

Justification and changes in symptoms 283

Evidence for the role of justification 284

An example of Totman's theory 285

Support for cognitive dissonance theory 286

Problems with cognitive dissonance theory 286

The role of placebo effects in health psychology 287

Health beliefs 287

Illness cognitions 288

Health professionals' health beliefs 288

Health-related behaviours 288

Stress 288

Pain 289

Implications for dualism 289

Chapter 13 Psychology throughout the course of illness: the examples of HIV, cancer and coronary heart disease 292

HIV and AIDS 293

The history of HIV 293

What is HIV? 293

The progression from HIV to AIDS 294

The prevalence of HIV and AIDS 294

The role of psychology in the study of HIV 295

Focus on research 13.1 Testing a theory

Psychology and immune functioning 300

Cancer 303

What is cancer? 303

The prevalence of cancer 303

The role of psychology in cancer 304

Focus on research 13.2 Putting theory into practice

Treating cancer symptoms 310

Coronary heart disease (CHD) 313

What is CHD? 313

The prevalence of CHD 313

Risk factors for CHD 313

The role of psychology in CHD 314

Chapter 14 Measuring health status 321

Mortality rates 322

Morbidity rates 322

Measures of functioning 323

Subjective health status 323

What is quality of life? 323

Creating a conceptual framework 324

How should it be measured? 325

Focus on research 14.1 Putting theory into practice

Evaluating hip replacement surgery 327

A shift in perspective 329

Value 329

Subjectivity of the subject 329

Subjectivity of the researcher 330

Definition of health 330

Using quality of life in research 330

Quality of life as an outcome measure 331

Quality of life as a predictor of longevity 332

Chapter 15 The assumptions of health psychology 335

The mind-body split 336

Dividing up the soup 336

The problem of progression 336

The problem of methodology 337

The problem of measurement 337

Integrating the individual with their social context 337

Data are collected in order to develop theories; these theories are not data 338

Theories concerning different areas of health psychology are distinct from each other 338

Studying a discipline 338.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [342]-382) and index.

ISBN:

0335205976

0335205968

OCLC:

42823722