Handbook for restoring tidal wetlands / edited by Joy B. Zedler.

Format:

• Book

Contributor:

• Zedler, Joy B.

Series:

• Marine science series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

• Wetland restoration.
• Wetland restoration--California.
• California.

Physical Description:

439 pages : illustrations, maps ; 27 cm.

Other Title:

Restoring tidal wetlands

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, [2001]

Summary:

Efforts to direct the recovery of damaged sites and landscape date back as far as the 1930s. If we fully understood the conditions and controlling variables at restoration sites, we would be better equipped to predict the outcomes of restoration efforts. If there were no constraints, we could merely plant the restoration site and walk away. However, the development of restoration theory has not yet lead to predictability. The Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands fills an important gap in current restoration ecology literature. It provides a broad-based compilation of case studies and principles to guide the management of tidal restoration sites. Thoroughly illustrated with more than 170 figures and tables, the book covers a full range of topics including: the conceptual planning for coastal wetlands restoration strategies for the manipulation of hydrology and soils the reestablishment of vegetation and assemblages of fishes and invertebrates the process of assessing, monitoring, and sustaining restored wetlands Combining detailed examples from coastal research studies along the Pacific coast of southern California with information drawn from the literature on coastal restoration across the globe, the Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands is a must-have guide if you are involved in coastal mitigation and restoration projects.

Contents:

• 1.2 The shortcomings of restoration ecology theory 2
• 1.2.1 The status of restoration theory 3
• 1.2.2 Relevant ecological theories 3
• 1.2.3 Models of restoration site development 4
• 1.2.4 Do restoration projects follow succession theory? 5
• 1.3 The lack of predictability of restoration outcomes 6
• 1.3.1 Short cordgrass 7
• 1.3.2 Scale insect outbreak 7
• 1.3.3 Effects of an annual succulent on a perennial grass 7
• 1.3.4 Effects of algae and coots 7
• 1.4 New understanding 8
• 1.4.1 Restoration sites follow unique developmental patterns 8
• 1.4.2 An improved conceptual framework: the restoration spectrum 9
• 1.4.2.1 A simple ecological restoration spectrum 9
• 1.4.2.3 A more detailed conceptual framework 11
• 1.5 Adaptive restoration 12
• 1.6 Restoration in coastal wetlands 14
• 1.6.1 Challenges in coastal wetlands 14
• 1.6.2 Challenges in southern California 15
• Box 1.1 Ballona Wetland 19
• Box 1.2 Anaheim Bay 20
• Box 1.3 San Dieguito Lagoon 22
• Box 1.4 Los Penasquitos Lagoon 23
• Box 1.5 Crown Point, within Mission Bay 25
• Box 1.6 Sweetwater Marsh, within San Diego Bay 26
• Box 1.7 Connector Marsh, within Sweetwater Marsh 28
• Box 1.8 Marisma de Nacion, within Sweetwater Marsh 30
• Box 1.9 Tijuana Estuary 31
• Box 1.10 Tidal Linkage, within Tijuana Estuary 33
• Box 1.11 Model Marsh, within Tijuana Estuary 35
• Box 1.12 San Quintin Bay 36
• Chapter 2 Developing a framework for restoration / Gabrielle Vivian-Smith 39
• 2.2 Restoration goals 39
• 2.2.1 Setting goals 39
• 2.2.2 Types and value of background information 40
• 2.2.3 Locating reference sites 40
• 2.2.4 Historical records 41
• 2.3 Current site characteristics 44
• 2.3.1 Connectivity, configuration, and context within the larger landscape 44
• 2.3.2 Site evaluation 46
• 2.4 Heterogeneity in coastal wetland restoration models 47
• 2.4.1 Opportunities created by spatial heterogeneity 48
• 2.4.2 Constraints posed by heterogeneity 52
• 2.5 Constraints posed by human use 55
• 2.5.1 Human concerns 55
• 2.5.2 The desires of local residents 56
• 2.5.3 The constraints posed by an adjacent human population 56
• 2.6 Stepwise planning of restoration 57
• Box 2.1 Reference data for use in restoring Tijuana Estuary 59
• Box 2.2 The importance of small-scale heterogeneity to high marsh annual plants 64
• Box 2.3 Ecotones in coastal wetland restoration 65
• Box 2.4 Evaluating disturbance effects to aid wetland restoration 66
• Box 2.5 The diversity of habitats in southern California coastal wetlands 67
• Box 2.6 Restoring endangered plant populations 78
• Box 2.7 Restoring salt marsh bird's-beak to San Diego Bay 80
• Box 2.8 Enhancing rare plant populations at Tijuana Estuary 82
• Chapter 3 Hydrology and substrate / John C. Callaway 89
• 3.1.1 Restoration and creation 90
• 3.2 Hydrology 92
• 3.2.1 General hydrologic considerations 92
• 3.2.2 Processes of natural wetland development 93
• 3.2.3 Formation and characteristics of tidal creeks and channels 96
• 3.2.4 Freshwater inputs 98
• 3.2.5 Erosion and sedimentation 98
• 3.2.5.1 Storm sediment inputs 99
• 3.2.6 Restoration methods and sediment dynamics 101
• 3.2.6.1 Special case of subsided wetlands 103
• 3.3 Substrate 104
• 3.3.1 Texture 104
• 3.3.2 Organic content 104
• 3.3.3 Nutrients 105
• 3.3.4 Compaction 106
• 3.3.5 Soil salinity 106
• 3.3.6 Soil pH 106
• 3.4 Planning considerations 106
• 3.4.1 Hydrologic assessments 106
• 3.4.2 Identification of proper substrates 107
• 3.4.3 Evaluating existing conditions at restoration sites 107
• 3.5 Restoration solutions 108
• 3.5.1 Hydrology 108
• 3.5.2 Soil amendments 108
• 3.5.2.1 Texture amendments (clay) 109
• 3.5.2.2 Organic matter amendments 109
• 3.5.2.3 Nutrient amendments 110
• Chapter 4 Establishing vegetation in restored and created coastal wetlands / Gary Sullivan 119
• 4.2 Developing a vegetation strategy 120
• 4.2.1 Planting strategies 121
• 4.2.2 Species choice 121
• 4.2.2.1 Maximizing diversity 121
• 4.2.2.2 Using reference sites 123
• 4.2.3 Plant stock 123
• 4.2.3.1 Nursery stock vs. local material 123
• 4.2.3.2 Use of seedlings 124
• 4.2.3.3 Use of cuttings 126
• 4.2.3.4 Use of sod 126
• 4.3 Plant acquisition, propagation, and maintenance 130
• 4.3.1 Seed collection and storage 130
• 4.3.2 Propagation methods 130
• 4.3.2.1 Seed 130
• 4.3.2.2 Cuttings 133
• 4.3.3 Salvaging plants with sod 134
• 4.3.3.1 Salvage methods 134
• 4.3.3.2 Storage and maintenance during construction 136
• 4.3.3.3 Holding ponds 137
• 4.3.4 Salvaging soils 139
• 4.4 Planting methods 139
• 4.4.1 Timing 139
• 4.4.2 Preparing plants for the salt marsh environment 141
• 4.4.2.1 Plant size 141
• 4.4.2.2 Salt hardening 142
• 4.4.2.3 Sun hardening 143
• 4.4.2.4 Fertilization 143
• 4.4.3 Outplanting 144
• 4.4.3.1 Species relative density 144
• 4.4.3.2 Matching species to microhabitats 144
• 4.4.3.3 Planting density and clustering 145
• 4.4.3.4 Fertilizing transplants in the field 146
• 4.4.3.5 Irrigation during establishment 147
• 4.5 Genetic considerations 148
• 4.5.1 Genetic diversity 148
• 4.5.1.1 Genetic structure 149
• 4.5.1.2 Local adaptation and genetic pollution 150
• Chapter 5 Restoring assemblages of invertebrates and fishes / Gregory D. Williams, Julie S. Desmond 235
• 5.2 Environmental parameters 236
• 5.2.1 Elevation 236
• 5.2.2 Flow rates 237
• 5.2.3 Substrate 238
• 5.2.4 Vegetation 239
• 5.2.5 Stream order and subtidal morphology 240
• 5.2.6 Landscape issues 242
• 5.3 Estuarine habitat assemblages, functions, and restoration 244
• 5.3.1 Subtidal assemblages 245
• 5.3.2 Subtidal function 247
• 5.3.3 Subtidal restoration 247
• 5.3.4 Intertidal flat assemblages 248
• 5.3.5 Intertidal flat function 248
• 5.3.6 Intertidal flat restoration 250
• 5.3.7 Channel assemblages 250
• 5.3.8 Channel function 250
• 5.3.9 Channel restoration 250
• 5.3.10 Creek assemblages 252
• 5.3.11 Creek function 252
• 5.3.12 Creek restoration 252
• 5.3.13 Marsh surface assemblages 252
• 5.3.14 Marsh surface function 253
• Box 5.1 The value of vegetated marshes to fish: predictions of growth using a bioenergetics model 255
• 5.3.15 Marsh surface restoration 256
• Box 5.2 Fish and invertebrate colonization rates in restored/created salt marsh channels 258
• Chapter 6 Assessment and monitoring / John C. Callaway, Gary Sullivan, Julie S. Desmond, Gregory D. Williams, Joy B.
• Zedler 271
• 6.1.1 Terminology 271
• Box 6.1 The adaptive management of San Diego Bay mitigation sites 272
• 6.1.2 Information needs 274
• Box 6.2 A single reference wetland at San Diego Bay 275
• 6.2 Hydrology and topography 276
• 6.2.2 Inundation regime 276
• 6.2.3 Ground water levels 278
• 6.2.4 Flow rates 278
• 6.2.5 Creek development 279
• 6.2.6 Changes in marsh surface elevation: accretion and erosion 279
• 6.2.6.1 Vertical reference points 279
• 6.2.6.2 Marker horizons and sedimentation elevation tables (SETs) 280
• 6.3 Water quality 281
• 6.3.2 Water temperature and dissolved oxygen 283
• 6.3.3 Water salinity and pH 283
• 6.3.4 Light attenuation and turbidity 283
• 6.3.5 Water column stratification 284
• 6.3.6 Nutrients (inorganic N and P) 284
• 6.4 Soils: substrate qualities, nutrient dynamics 285
• 6.4.2 Soil sample collection 286
• 6.4.2.1 Porewater collection 286
• 6.4.3 Water content (soil moisture) 288
• 6.4.4 Bulk density 288
• 6.4.5 Soil texture 289
• 6.4.6 Soil salinity 289
• 6.4.7 Soil pH 290
• 6.4.8 Redox potential 290
• 6.4.9 Organic matter and organic carbon content 291
• 6.4.10 Nitrogen 292
• 6.4.11 Phosphorus 293
• 6.4.12 Decomposition 293
• 6.5 Elevation, global positioning systems, and geographic information systems 294
• 6.5.1 Determining elevation 294
• 6.5.2 Global positioning sysytems (GPS) 295
• 6.5.3 Geographic information systems (GIS) 296
• 6.6 Vegetation 297
• 6.6.2 Vegetation as an indicator of ecosystem functioning 297
• 6.6.3 Mapping the vegetation 299
• 6.6.4 Remote sensing 299
• 6.6.5 Vegetation attributes to assess 300
• 6.6.6 Vegetation transects and quadrats 300
• 6.6.7 Plant cover 301
• 6.6.8 Canopy architecture 303
• 6.6.9 Target species 303
• 6.6.10 Biomass and nitrogen pools of marsh primary producers 304
• 6.6.11 Productivity estimates based on carbon fixation 304
• 6.6.12 Standing crop and its use in estimating productivity 305
• 6.6.13 Nondestructive estimation of aboveground biomass 305
• 6.6.14 Belowground biomass 306
• 6.6.15 Algal abundance and productivity 307
• 6.6.16 Plant tissue nitrogen concentrations 308
• 6.7 Invertebrates 308
• 6.7.1 Reference site selection 308
• 6.7.2 Sample timing 309
• 6.7.3 Sampling methods 309
• 6.7.3.1 Infauna 309
• 6.7.3.2 Epifauna 310
• 6.7.3.3 Nektonic invertebrates 311
• 6.7.4 Sampling parameters 311
• 6.7.5 Sample identification 311
• 6.8 Fishes 313
• Box 6.3 Estuary management and habitat value for juvenile California halibut: predictions of growth using a bioenergetics model 315
• 6.8.1 Reference site selection 317
• 6.8.2 Sample timing 317
• 6.8.3 Sampling gear 317
• 6.8.4 Population structure 319
• 6.8.5 Residence time 319
• 6.8.6 Diet and feeding 320
• 6.8.7 Growth rate 320
• 6.9 Recommendations for minimum monitoring 320
• 6.9.1 Numbers of sampling stations 322
• 6.9.2 Sampling period 323
• Chapter 7 Sustaining restored wetlands: identifying and solving management problems / John C. Callaway, Gary Sullivan 337
• 7.2 Irrigation 338
• 7.2.1 When to irrigate 338
• 7.2.2 Irrigation schedule 339
• 7.2.3 Exotic species invasions 340
• 7.3 Replanting 340
• 7.3.1 Should you replant? 341
• 7.3.1.1 Timing 341
• 7.3.1.2 Fertilizers 341
• 7.3.2 Case study: replanting at the Tidal Linkage 341
• 7.3.3 Case study: no replanting at Mission Bay (Crown Point) 344
• 7.3.4 Recommendations 345
• 7.4 Herbivory 345
• 7.4.1 Birds 346
• 7.4.2 Mammals 347
• 7.4.3 Insects 347
• 7.4.4 Recommendations 348
• 7.5 Macroalgal blooms 348
• 7.5.1 Potential impacts at restoration sites 349
• 7.6 Sedimentation issues 350
• 7.6.1 Target elevations: the strategy of overexcavation and dredge spoil consolidation 350
• 7.6.2 Sediment dynamics in the early phases of restoration 351
• 7.6.3 Storm sediment impacts 352
• 7.6.4 Management implications 352
• 7.7 Exotic plant invasions 353
• 7.7.1 Dispersal-limited species 353
• 7.7.2 Disturbance-limited species 354
• 7.7.3 Potential impacts of exotic plants 355
• 7.7.4 Management implications 356
• 7.8 Exotic animal species 356
• 7.8.1 Problem species of invertebrates and fish and their impacts 356
• 7.9 Human activities 357
• 7.9.1 Access issues 357
• 7.9.2 Pollutants: nutrients, toxic materials, and trash 358
• Appendix 1 Native and nonnative salt marsh plant species of San Diego County / Gary Sullivan 367
• Appendix 2 Coastal wetland plant species of southern California / Gary Sullivan, Gregory B. Noe 369
• Appendix 3 Distribution of plant species in coastal wetlands of San Diego County / Gary Sullivan, Gregory B. Noe 395
• Appendix 4 Habitat and elevational distribution of salt marsh plant species / Gary Sullivan 399
• Appendix 5 Ecological and life history characteristics of common southern California salt marsh invertebrate species / Julie S. Desmond, Janelle M. West, Gregory D. Williams 401
• Appendix 6 Habitat functional requirements for common fish species in southern California salt marshes, lagoons, and estuaries / Gregory D. Williams, Julie S. Desmond, Sharook P. Madon, Janelle M. West 411.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

084939063X

OCLC:

43851380