Aquatic effects of acidic deposition / Timothy J. Sullivan.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Sullivan, Timothy J. (Timothy Joseph), 1950-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Acid deposition--Environmental aspects.

Acid deposition.

Acid pollution of rivers, lakes, etc--United States.

Acid pollution of rivers, lakes, etc.

United States.

Physical Description:

373 pages : illustrations, maps ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers, [2000]

Summary:

Since the completion of the initial phase of the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program in 1990, many new, significant, more refined studies have been completed and published. Aquatic Effects of Acid Deposition: Recent Advancements in the State of the Science summarizes and synthesizes these major advancements, especially those topics that are directly relevant to policy making. It offers complete coverage of recent findings that have substantiated, deepened, modified, or in some cases, revolutionized scientific understanding in different areas of environmental research.

Contents:

1.1 1990 NAPAP Reports and Integrated Assessment 1

1.2 Scope 3

1.3 Goals and Objectives 4

1.4 Outline of State of Science Update 5

2 Background and Approach 7

2.1.1 Atmospheric Inputs 7

2.1.2 Sensitivity to Acidification 10

2.2 Chemical Response Variables of Concern 11

2.2.1 Sulfur 11

2.2.2 Nitrogen 12

2.2.3 Acid Neutralizing Capacity 13

2.2.4 pH 15

2.2.5 Base Cations 15

2.2.6 aluminum 17

2.2.7 Biological Effects 18

2.3 Monitoring 20

2.4 Historical Water Quality Assessment Techniques 22

2.4.1 Historical Measurements 22

2.4.2 Paleolimnological Reconstructions 23

2.4.3 Empirical Relationships and Ion Ratios 26

2.5 Models 29

2.5.1 Empirical Models 29

2.5.2 Dynamic Models 32

3 Chronic Acidification 35

3.1 Characteristics of Sensitive Systems 36

3.2 Causes of Acidification 38

3.2.1 Sulfur 38

3.2.2 Organic Acidity 38

3.2.3 Nitrogen 47

3.2.4 Base Cation Depletion 50

3.2.5 Land Use 53

3.2.6 Climate 58

3.2.7 Fire 58

3.2.8 Hydrology 59

3.3 Effects of Acidification 60

3.3.1 Aluminum 60

3.3.2 Effects on Aquatic Biota 62

3.3.3 Effects on Amphibians 67

4 Extent and Magnitude of Surface Water Acidification 69

4.1 Northeast 70

4.1.1 Monitoring Studies 70

4.1.2 Paleolimnological Studies 78

4.1.3 Experimental Manipulation 81

4.1.4 Model Simulations 82

4.2 Appalachian Mountains 83

4.2.1 Monitoring Studies 85

4.2.2 Model Simulations 89

4.3 Florida 89

4.3.1 Monitoring Studies 92

4.3.2 Paleolimnological Studies 93

4.3.3 Model Simulations 94

4.4 Upper Midwest 94

4.4.1 Monitoring Studies 100

4.4.2 Paleolimnological Studies 101

4.4.3 Experimental Manipulation 102

4.4.4 Model Simulations 103

4.5 West 103

4.5.1 Monitoring Studies 111

4.5.2 Paleolimnological Studies 112

4.5.3 Model Simulations 112

5 Chemical Dose-Response Relationships and Critical Loads 115

5.1 Quantification of Chemical Dose-Response Relationships 115

5.1.1 Measured Changes in Acid-Base Chemistry 116

5.1.2 Space-for-Time Substitution 119

5.1.3 Paleolimnological Inferences of Dose-Response 120

5.1.4 Model Estimates of Dose-Response 123

5.2 Critical Loads 124

5.2.2 Progress in Europe 125

5.2.3 Progress in the U.S. and Canada 129

5.2.4 Establishment of Standards for Sulfur and Nitrogen 132

6 Episodic Acidification 139

6.1 Background and Characteristics of Sensitive Systems 139

6.2 Causes 143

6.2.1 Natural Processes 143

6.2.2 Anthropogenic Effects 144

6.3 Extent and Magnitude 146

6.4 Biological Impacts 151

7 Nitrogen Dynamics 155

7.1 Nitrogen Cycle 155

7.2 Environmental Effects 159

7.3 Nitrogen in Surface Waters 171

8 Experimental Manipulation Studies 175

8.1 Whole-System Nitrogen and/or Sulfur Enrichment Experimental Manipulations 179

8.1.1 Gardsjon, Sweden 179

8.1.2 Sogndal, Norway 181

8.1.3 Lake Skjervatjern, Norway 182

8.1.4 Aber, Wales 184

8.1.5 Klosterhede, Denmark 185

8.1.6 Bear Brook, ME 186

8.2 Whole-System Nitrogen Exclusion (Roof) Studies 187

8.2.1 Gardsjon, Sweden 188

8.2.2 Ysselsteyn and Speuld, Netherlands 189

8.2.3 Klosterhede, Denmark 190

8.2.4 Solling, Germany 191

8.2.5 Risdalsheia, Norway 192

8.3 Climatic Interactions 193

8.4 Results and Implications 194

9 Predictive Capabilities 197

9.1 Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments (MAGIC) 198

9.1.1 Background and General Structure as Used for the NAPAP 1990 Integrated Assessment 198

9.1.2 Recent Modifications to the MAGIC Model 201

9.1.2.1 Regional Aggregation and Background Sulfate 201

9.1.2.2 Organic Acids 202

9.1.2.3 Aluminum 210

9.1.2.4 Nitrogen 212

9.1.3 Cumulative Impacts of Changes to the MAGIC Model 215

9.1.4 MAGIC Model Testing and Confirmation Studies 217

9.1.4.1 Lake Skjervatjern (HUMEX) 218

9.1.4.2 Risdalsheia (RAIN) 220

9.1.4.3 Bear Brook (WMP) 222

9.1.5 Evaluation of MAGIC Projections 229

9.2 Nitrogen Models 232

10 Case Study: Adirondack Park, NY 237

10.1 Background and Available Data 237

10.1.1 ELS-I 239

10.1.2 ALSC 239

10.1.3 ELS-II 240

10.1.4 DDRP 240

10.1.5 PIRLA 240

10.1.6 ALTM 240

10.1.7 ERP 241

10.2 Watershed History 241

10.3 Lake-Water Chemistry 244

10.4 Organic Acidity 246

10.5 Role of Nitrogen in Acidification Processes 248

10.6 Role of Landscape and Disturbance in Acidification Processes 252

10.7 Overall Assessment 256

11 Case Study: Class I Areas in the Mountainous West 259

11.2 Sierra Nevada 265

11.2.1 Atmospheric Deposition 265

11.2.2 Surface Water Chemistry 266

11.2.3 Seasonality and Episodic Processes 267

11.2.4 Weathering and Cation Exchange 272

11.3 Rocky Mountains 273

11.3.1 Glacier National Park 275

11.3.2 Yellowstone National Park 278

11.3.3 Grand Teton National Park 280

11.3.4 Rocky Mountain National Park 284.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 321-361) and index.

ISBN:

1566704162

OCLC:

42934643