Immunotherapy in asthma / edited by Jean Bousquet, Hans Yssel.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Bousquet, Jean, Ph.D.

Yssel, Hans.

Series:

Lung biology in health and disease ; v. 136.

Lung biology in health and disease ; v. 136

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Asthma--Immunotherapy.

Asthma.

Asthma--immunology.

Allergens--immunology.

Immunotherapy.

Medical Subjects:

Asthma--immunology.

Allergens--immunology.

Immunotherapy.

Physical Description:

xxvii, 669 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Marcel Dekker, Inc., [1999]

Contents:

Part 1 Mechanisms of Allergic Asthma

1. Human T Helper Type 1 and Type 2 Subsets / Hans Yssel 1

II. Role of Cytokines in the Differentiation of Th1 and Th2 Helper Subsets 3

III. Effect of Antigen Concentration of Th Differentiation 6

IV. Effect of Different Costimulatory Molecules 6

V. Stability of Differentiated T Subpopulations 7

VI. Phenotypic Differences Between Th1 and Th2 Populations 8

VII. The Subsets in Disease 10

2. Mechanisms of Allergic Asthma: A Th2 Disease / Douglas S. Robinson, A. Barry Kay 19

II. T-Cell Activation in Asthma 20

III. Immunoglobulin E Regulation 23

IV. T-Cell Cytokine Production in Asthma 24

V. Non-T-Cell Cytokines in Asthma 25

VI. Nonatopic ("Intrinsic") Asthma 26

VII. Glucocorticoid Resistance in Asthma 27

VIII. Cyclosporine 28

IX. Animal Models 29

X. Determinants of the Th2 Response in Asthma 30

XI. Chemokines in Asthma 32

3. Mechanisms of Asthma: Asthma Is an Allergic Disease / Lisa M. Wheatley, Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills 43

II. Epidemiology 44

III. Characteristics of the Allergic Immune Response and Its Relationship to Asthma 46

IV. Indoor and Perennial Allergens 47

V. Experimental Studies 48

VI. Treatment 49

4. Inflammation and Airway Remodeling in Asthma / Jean Bousquet, Pascal Chanez, Antonio M. Vignola, Philippe Godard 55

II. Origin and Site of Inflammatory Cells in the Airways 56

III. Epithelium 57

IV. Submucosal Infiltrate 58

V. Importance of Inflammation in Asthma 61

VI. Airway Remodeling 62

5. The Prognosis and Natural History of Asthma / Jorrit Gerritsen, Marion H. Grol, Jan P. Schouten, Dirkje S. Postma 71

II. Asthma Symptoms 72

III. Factors Affecting the Outcome or Onset of Asthma 73

Part 2 Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy

Current Knowledge

6. Allergen Immunotherapy: Therapeutic Vaccines for Allergic Diseases (WHO Position Paper, Executive Summary) / Jean Bousquet, Richard F. Lockey, Hans-Jorgen Malling 89

II. Allergen Standardization 91

III. Mechanisms 91

IV. Subcutaneous Immunotherapy 91

V. Other Routes of Immunotherapy 94

VI. Future Vaccines 94

VII. Research Needs 94

7. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: New Strategies Using Recombinant Allergens / Alisa M. Smith, Martin D. Chapman 99

II. Molecular Biology of Indoor Allergens 102

III. New Strategies for Immunotherapy 104

8. Elimination of Allergens / Frederic de Blay, Francois Spirlet, Martine Ott, Jean-Claude Bessot, Gabrielle Pauli 119

II. Dust Mites 120

III. Animals 125

IV. Fungal Allergens 128

V. Other Allergens 128

9. Standardization of Allergens / Jean Bousquet, Francois-Bernard Michel 139

II. Control of Allergen Extracts 140

III. Units of Standardized Extracts 146

IV. Standardized Extracts 147

V. Allergen Nomenclature 150

10. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Past and Present / Philip S. Norman 155

II. Clinical Changes 156

III. Immunological Changes 158

IV. Studies with Specific Allergens 160

V. Problem Areas 163

VI. Untoward Reactions 164

VII. Depot Methods 166

VIII. Cross-Linked or Polymerized Antigens 166

IX. How Long to Continue Immunotherapy? 167

X. Standardization of Allergens 167

XI. Optimum Doses 170

XII. Dosage Programs 171

11. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Mechanisms of Immunotherapy / Jerome Pene, Jean Bousquet 179

II. Serum Antibody Concentrations 180

III. Effector Cells 182

IV. Lymphocyte Response 183

12. Objectives of Immunotherapy in Asthma / Anthony J. Frew 199

II. Appropriate Subject Selection and Endpoints 200

13. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy for Asthma: Metanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials / Michael J. Abramson, Robert M. Puy, John M. Weiner 207

II. Methods 209

III. Results 219

14. Noninjective Immunotherapy: Present Knowledge and Experimental Evidence / Giovanni Passalacqua, Gian Enrico Senna, Giorgio Walter Canonica 239

I. General Aspects 239

II. Experimental Evidence 241

III. Clinical Indications 246

IV. Practical Aspects of NIIT 247

15. Pediatric Issues in Immunotherapy / Erkka Valovirta 257

II. Advantages of Immunotherapy in Children 258

III. Points to Be Considered When Using Immunotherapy in Children 260

IV. Indications for Immunotherapy in Children 260

V. Contraindications for Immunotherapy in Children 260

16. International Recommendations / Hans-Jorgen Malling 263

II. Indications for Immunotherapy 264

III. Contraindications 270

IV. Discontinuation of Immunotherapy 270

V. Monitoring 270

VI. Practicals 272

New Forms of Specific Immunotherapy

17. Peptide-Mediated Immunomodulation as Therapy for Allergic Disorders / Nanna S. Kristensen, Hans Yssel, Jonathan R. Lamb 281

II. Involvement and Activation of CD4[superscript +] T-Cell Subsets in Allergy 282

III. Traditional Immunotherapy 285

IV. Peptide-Mediated Immunomodulation In Vitro 286

V. Peptide-Mediated Modulation of In Vivo Immune Responses 288

18. Potential of Recombinant Allergens as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Allergy and Asthma / Shyam S. Mohapatra 297

I. Why Immunotherapy? 297

II. Recombinant Allergens: The Nuts and Bolts 298

III. Rationale for Allergen Immunotherapy for Asthma 300

IV. Effectiveness of Immunotherapy 302

V. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Immunotherapy 302

VI. Allergen Immunotherapy for Asthma 303

VII. Immunotherapy Using Recombinant Allergens 304

VIII. Immunotherapy with Recombinant Allergens and Cytokines 306

IX. Development of Vaccines Against Allergies and Asthma 306

19. Molecular Characterization of Allergens, Their B-Cell Epitopes and Allergen-Specific Antibodies for Allergy Prevention and Treatment / Rudolf Valenta, Susanne Vrtala, Tanja Ball, Sylvia Laffer, Petra Eibensteiner, Peter Steinberger, Sabine Flicker, Sabine Fischer, Irene Mittermann, Susanne Spitzauer, Dietrich Kraft 313

II. Requirements for Specific Therapy of Type I Allergy Using Recombinant Allergens and Epitopes 314

III. Model: Allergen-Specific and Patient-Tailored Therapy 315

IV. Immunoglobulin E-Binding Haptens for Passive Therapy: Saturation of Effector Cell-Bound IgE 316

V. Immunoglobulin E-Binding Haptens for the Induction of Blocking Antibodies by Active Immunotherapy 316

VI. Nonanaphylactic Modifications and Derivatives of Major Allergens Produced by Recombinant DNA Technology for Active Immunotherapy 317

VII. Allergen-Specific Antibodies and Antibody Fragments for Passive Therapy in the Allergic Effector Organs 318

20. Tolerogenic Peptides: Clinical Experience in Allergy / Christopher F. Nicodemus, George Philip 327

II. Experience in Perennial Allergy 330

III. Experience in Seasonal Allergy 333

IV. Anaphylactic Syndromes 334

V. Safety of Peptide Therapy 334

21. Manipulation of the Idiotypic Network: An Alternative Approach to Treat Allergic Asthma? / Yvan Boutin, Jacques Hebert 337

II. Idiotypic Network 338

III. Role of the Idiotypic Network in Physiopathology of Diseases 339

IV. Manipulating Immune Response with Idiotypic and Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies 340

22. The Use of Allergen-Specific Antibodies for Immunotherapy / Jean-Marie R.

Saint-Remy 351

II. Antibody Idiotypes 352

III. Clinical Application 356

IV. State of the Art 366

V. Open Questions 368

VI. Current Work and Perspectives 369

Part 3 Regulation of IgE Inflammation

Immunoglobulin

23. Anti-Immunoglobulin E Therapy for Asthma / Pascal Demoly, Dany Jaffuel, Jean Bousquet 373

II. Importance of Immunoglobulin E in Asthma 374

III. MAbs Against Immunoglobulin E 375

IV. Clinical Efficacy of MAbs Against Immunoglobulin E in Asthma and Rhinitis 376

V. Safety 378

Immunoglobulin Receptors

24. Expression and Function of the High-Affinity Receptor for Immunoglobulin E in Asthma / Marie-Helene Jouvin, Jean-Pierre Kinet 383

II. Structure and Regulation of Expression of Fc[varepsilon]RI 387

III. Mechanisms of Fc[varepsilon]RI Signaling 389

IV. Human FcR[beta] Polymorphism and Atopy 392

25. Factors Modulating Allergen-Induced Histamine Release: Fc-Receptors, Antibodies, and Allergens / Ronald van Ree 399

II. Interaction Between Allergen, IgE, and Fc[varepsilon]RI 400

III. Interference of Factors Outside the Fc[varepsilon]RI-IgE-Allergen Complex 402

IV. How Do IgG Antibodies Modulate Histamine Release? 404

V. Anti-IgE Antibodies 405

26. Regulation of Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Inflammation by Soluble Fragments of the High-Affinity Immunoglobulin E Receptor / Brian J. Sutton, Hannah J. Gould 411

II. IgE Structure 413

III. Fc[varepsilon]RI Structure 415

IV. Regulation of IgE Levels and Fc[varepsilon]RI Expression 417

V. Soluble Receptor Fragments 418

VI. Soluble Fc[varepsilon]RI[alpha]-IgG "Immunoadhesin" 420

VII. Structure-Based Design of Inhibitors 421

27. Regulation of Immunoglobulin E Inflammation: Anti-Immunoglobulin E Autoantibodies / Beda M. Stadler, Monique Vogel, Michael P. Rudolf, Sylvia Margaret Miescher, Adrian Walter Zuercher, Franz Kricek 431

II. Anti-IgE Autoantibodies 432

III. Mimicry of IgE Epitopes 433

IV. Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies as Epitope Mimicry 434

V. Therapeutic Strategies Based on Anti-IgE Antibodies 435

Part 4 Non-Immunoglobulin E-Dependent Immunotherapy

28. Non-Immunoglobulin E-Dependent Immunotherapy: Treatment of Asthma with Inhaled Interferon Gamma / Gideon Lack, Donald Y. M. Leung, Erwin W. Gelfand 439

II. Clinical Trials 441

III. Treatment with IFN-[gamma] in a Murine Model of Allergic Sensitization 444

29. Role of Interleukin-5 in Eosinophil-Based Diseases / Francis M. Cuss, Richard W. Chapman, Shelby P. Umland, Michael Minnicozzi, Robert W. Egan 457

II. Biochemical Regulation of IL-5 458

III. Eosinophilic Diseases and IL-5 460

IV. Therapeutic Potential of IL-5 Inhibition 465

Part 5 Prevention of Allergic Asthma: is it Possible?

30. Primary Prevention of Atopic Asthma: Prophylactic Strategies Based on Immunomodulation of Host Responses During Childhood / Patrick G. Holt 477

II. Regulation of T-Cell Immunity in Experimental Animals to Allergens Presented at Mucosal Surfaces: Pointers to Studies in Humans 478

III. Initiation of Allergen-Specific Antibody Responses in Humans: Prospective Seroepidemiological Studies 479

IV. Allergen-Specific T-Cell Reactivity During the Perinatal Period: In Vitro Lymphoproliferation Studies 479

V. Allergen-Specific Cytokine Responses During Childhood 480

VI. Transplacental T-Cell Priming and the Immunology of Pregnancy 481

VII. Kinetics of Postnatal Maturation of Th1-Associated Immune Functions as a "Risk Factor" for Atopy 482

VIII. Regulation of Neonatal Th1 Immunity: The Key Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells 483

IX. Postnatal Maturation of Adaptive Immune Functions: Evidence of Widespread Developmental Deficiencies During Infancy 483

X. Induction and Expression of Atopic Respiratory Disease: A Working Hypothesis 484

XI. Theoretical Options for Early Intervention 487

31. Outdoor Air Pollution and Asthma / Erika von Mutius 497

II. Human Exposure Studies 505

III. Exacerbation of Asthma 514

IV. Initiation of Asthma 518

32. The Genetic Basis of Allergy and Asthma / Pamela J. Amelung, Eugene R. Bleecker 535

II. Hereditary Contribution to Asthma 536

III. Environmental Contribution to Asthma 537

IV. Phenotype Definition 538

V. Approaches to Genetic Studies of Asthma 540

VI. Linkage Studies with Candidate Genes 542

VII. Linkage Studies with Genome Screening 544

VIII. Candidate Gene Mutational Analysis 544

IX. Future Applications 545

33. Gene Therapy Strategies for Asthma / Pascal Demoly, Dany Jaffuel, Jean Bousquet, Philippe Godard, Francois-Bernard Michel 551

II. Genetics of Asthma 552

III. Strategies for Gene Transfer in Asthma 553

IV. The Most Severe Asthmatic Patients 563.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0824701763

OCLC:

41712255