Investigating difference : human and cultural relations in criminal justice / the Criminal Justice Collective of Northern Arizona University.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Northern Arizona University. Criminal Justice Collective.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Criminal justice, Administration of--United States.

Criminal justice, Administration of.

United States.

Discrimination in criminal justice administration--United States.

Discrimination in criminal justice administration.

United States--Social conditions.

Social conditions.

Physical Description:

xx, 299 pages ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Boston : Allyn and Bacon, [2000]

Summary:

Investigating Difference is the first book to provide an overview of such a broad range of diverse groups within the criminal justice system. It encompasses the full spectrum from cultural, gender and religious diversity, to the diversity presented by individuals in disadvantaged aged categories, with physical and mental disabilities, and from immigrant backgrounds. Groups perceived as different are presented in the context of not only offenders and victims, but as service-providers.

The book presents issues of difference in a balanced social and historical context. The authors represent an expansive and diverse group of leading educators, researchers, and criminal justice professionals. Together, they show readers how the power and the powerless form an essential framework for understanding the relationship between the criminal justice system and those members categorized as different. This book will help some, many for the first time, confront the consequences of difference, and the reality that someone else may have defined both the difference and the consequence. Readers will be shown how some categories carry privilege and responsibility, while other categories carry burden and/or rejection.

Contents:

Part 1 Framing Difference 1

1 Introduction: Investigating Difference / Marianne O. Nielsen, Barbara Perry 3

This Book 7

2 Conceptualizing Difference / Nancy A. Wonders 11

Difference Is Socially Constructed 11

Difference Assumes a Norm or Standard that Reflects Power Relations within the Culture 16

Difference Matters 18

Law Plays a Critical Role in Creating and Maintaining Difference; It Can Also Be Used to Ameliorate the Negative Consequence of Difference 19

Differences Overlap One Another 21

Differences and Their Consequences Can Be Changed 22

3 White Male Privilege and the Construction of Crime / Larry A. Gould 27

Continuum of Discrimination or Disparate Treatment 29

Majority Population Defined 30

White Ethnic Groups 31

Visibility 32

The Catholic Irish, Italians, and Jews 37

The Typical Offender, Victim, and Service Provider: Gate Keeping 36

The Typical Offender? 37

The Typical Victim? 38

The Typical Service Provider? 39

Part 2 Categories of Difference 45

4 Stolen Lands, Stolen Lives: Native Americans and Criminal Justice / Marianne O. Nielsen 47

Historical Context 48

Native American Offenders 50

Native American Victims of Crime 53

Native American Service Providers 55

5 Exclusion, Inclusion, and Violence: Immigrants and Criminal Justice / Barbara Perry 59

Immigration Patterns 60

Anti-Immigrant Sentiments 61

Immigrants as Offenders 64

Illegal Aliens 64

Criminal Aliens 64

Organized Crime 65

Immigrants as Victims 66

Immigrants as Service Providers in the Criminal Justice System 68

6 Historical Injustices, Contemporary Inequalities: African Americans and Criminal Justice / Brian J. Smith 71

Legal Historical Context 72

Slavery 73

Post-Civil War 73

Legal Exclusions 74

Discriminatory Criminal Justice System Practices 75

Lynching 75

Twentieth-Century Progress 76

African Americans, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 77

Victimization 77

Offending 78

Service Providers and Support Agencies 80

Policy Considerations 81

7 Unwelcome Citizens: Latinos and the Criminal Justice System / Alexander Alvarez 85

History 87

Perpetrators 90

Victims 93

Practitioners 94

8 Perpetual Outsiders: Criminal Justice and the Asian American Experience / Barbara Perry 99

Imaging Asian Americans 101

Institutionalized Discrimination Against Asian Americans 102

Immigration and Citizenship 102

Japanese Internment 103

Educational Discrimination 103

Economic Discrimination 103

Asian Americans as Offenders 104

Asian Americans as Victims of Crime 106

Asian Americans as Service Providers 107

9 Class, Difference, and the Social Construction of Crime and Criminality / Raymond J. Michalowski 111

What Is Social Class? 112

Why Do We Have Social Classes? 113

Social Class and the Definition of Crime 115

Class, Criminality, and Victimization 119

Conclusion: Social Class, Social Welfare, and the Future of Criminal Justice 124

10 Women and Criminal Justice: Wielding the Tool of Difference / Karla B. Hackstaff 129

Women and the Criminal Justice System: A Historical Overview 130

From Nonpersons to Persons in Their Own Right 130

Crimes Against Women 131

Constructing Criminality: The Woman as "Criminal" 134

Women Working at the Borders of Crime and Justice 137

Women in Law 138

Women in Policing and Corrections 139

Conclusions: Women for Justice 141

11 Constructing Sexual Identities: Gay Men and Lesbians in the Criminal Justice System / Barbara Perry 147

Investigating Homosexuality 147

Gay Mythology 149

Gay Men and Lesbians as Offenders 150

Anti-Gay Victimization 152

Service Provision 156

12 Old Enough to Know Better? Aging and Criminal Justice / Carole Mandino 161

Who Are the Elderly? 161

Crimes Committed by the Elderly 161

Elder Abuse 162

Other Crimes Committed Against the Elderly 165

Elderly Criminals 166

Elderly and DWI 167

Elderly and Shoplifting 167

Elderly and Homicide 167

Elderly and Sex Offenses 168

The Incarcerated Elderly 168

13 Dancing Apart: Youth, Criminal Justice, and Juvenile Justice / Jeff Ferrell 171

Historical and Cultural Constructions of Youth and Delinquency 171

Youth, Identity, and Difference 174

Youth, Politics, and the Criminal Justice Policy Today 176

Toward Decriminalization and Rehabilitation 179

14 The Invisible Minority: Individuals with Disability / Cynthia Baroody Hart 183

Disability 183

Disability and Criminal Justice 186

Individuals with Disability as Victims in the Criminal Justice System 186

Individuals with Disability as Offenders in the Criminal Justice System 187

Individuals with Disability as Employees in the Criminal Justice System 189

15 In Whose God We Trust? Religious Difference, Persecution, and Criminal Justice / Barbara Perry 191

Victims of Religious Persecution 192

Native Americans 192

Catholics 193

Jews 194

Muslims 195

Offenses Motivated by Religious Belief 196

Puritan Campaigns Against Sin 196

Abortion Clinic Violence 198

Christian Identity Churches and RAHOWA 199

Service Providers 200

Part 3 Reframing Difference 205

16 Widening the Workforce: Diversity in Criminal Justice Employment / Marilyn D. McShane 207

Government Intervention in Labor 208

The Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 208

Affirmative Action 209

The Backlash Against Affirmative Action 210

The Status of Women and Minorities in Criminal Justice 211

Gender and Policing 211

Gender and Corrections 212

Race/Ethnicity and Policing 214

Race/Ethnicity and Corrections 215

Race/Ethnicity and Gender and the Courts 216

17 Educating for Change: Cultural Awareness Training for Criminal Justice / Larry A. Gould 219

Historical Context 220

The Effect of Psychosocial Development on Minority Relations 223

The Beginning of a Solution 227

General Components of Cultural Diversity Training 229

Communication/Learning Training 230

Criminal Justice-Specific Training 231

18 Talking Through Our Differences: Intercultural and Interpersonal Communication / Marianne O. Nielsen 235

Communication Competence in Criminal Justice 236

Rewards of Competent Communication 237

Critical Knowledge about Communication 237

The Impact of Diversity on Communication 237

The Importance of Nonverbal Communication 240

Situational Context 241

Critical Issues in Communication 243

Stereotyping 243

Ethnocentrism 243

Naming 244

Humor 245

Translation 245

Critical Skills 246

Translating Communication Competence into Organizational Success 248

19 Irreconcilable Differences? Understanding the Crime Victim/Criminal Justice Worker Relationship / Phoebe Morgan, Barbara Perry 253

When Relations Between Crime Victims and Criminal Justice Workers Are Intercultural 254

Criminal Justice Workers' Responses to Minority Victims 255

Minority Victims' Responses to Criminal Justice Workers 255

Contrasting Expectations Between Crime Victims and Criminal Justice Workers 256

Contrasting Definitions of Justice 257

Contrasting Definitions of Service 258

Differing Rights and Responsibilities 258

The Victim's Prerogative 259

Criminal Justice Workers' Discretion 259

The Consequences of Conflict in the Crime Victim/Criminal Justice Worker Relationship 260

The Price We Pay for Cynicism 261

The Price We Pay for Victim Disaffection 262

Reconciling Difference? 262

Crime Victim Empowerment 263

Criminal Justice Worker Empowerment 264

Toward an Empowering Relationship Between Crime Victims and Criminal Justice Workers 265

20 Reinvestigating Difference / Barbara Perry, Marianne O.

Nielsen 271

Deconstructing and Reconstructing Difference 271

Law as a Mechanism of Empowerment 272

Prejudice Reduction 273

Criminal Justice Employment and Training 275

Speaking of Difference ... 276

Community Outreach 277

Community Organizing 278

Victim Services 279

Offender Services 280

Prevention and Treatment 282

Equity in Criminal Justice Processing of Offenders 283

Criminal Justice/Social Justice 284

Facilitators 287

The Criminal Justice Collective 287.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

020530205X

OCLC:

41892268