DRI, Dietary reference intakes : for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride / Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food, and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Diet.

Nutrition.

Physical Description:

xv, 432 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Other Title:

Dietary reference intakes : for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride

DRIs, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, fluoride

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, [1997]

Summary:

Since 1943, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulating RDAs reviewed and revised its approach -- the result: Dietary Reference Intakes.

This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. The first volume includes calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and fluoride. For each nutrient the committee presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease.

Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age -- from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much.

Dietary Reference Intakes provides three sets of measures for each nutrient in the volume: -- Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), estimated for age and gender categories.-- Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), the allowance of each nutrient to meet the biological needs of more than 95% of the healthy population.-- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, the upper limit of intake associated with a low risk ofadverse effects in almost all members of a given population.

The concept of dietary reference intakes enlarges on the RDA goal of avoiding nutrient deficiency. Dietary Reference Intakes quantifies the triangle of nutrient, dietary pattern, and risk of chronic disease -- for example, the relationship between calcium consumption and osteoporosis.

This new framework encompasses nonessential but valuable food components such as dietary fiber. And it incorporates functional endpoints -- the relationship between dose and response, for example -- in determining adequacy and safety for each nutrient. The result is a reference work that will be indispensable to dietetic professionals and important to health researchers -- while its health guidelines remain very accessible to the interested lay reader.

Contents:

1 Dietary Reference Intakes 21

What Are Dietary Reference Intakes? 21

Categories of DRIs 23

Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 27

Comparison with Other Countries 28

Parameters for Dietary Reference Intakes 31

2 Calcium and Related Nutrients: Overview and Methods 38

Methodological Considerations 39

Nutrient Intake Estimates 42

Dietary Intakes in the United States and Canada 43

Use of Adequate Intake Rather Than Estimated Average Requirement 48

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 51

A Model for Derivation of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 52

Risk Assessment and Food Safety 53

Application of the Risk Assessment Model to Nutrients 58

Steps in the Development of the UL 62

4 Calcium 71

Estimating Requirements for Calcium 84

Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 91

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 134

Research Recommendations 144

5 Phosphorus 146

Estimating Requirements for Phosphorus 158

Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 160

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 180

Research Recommendations 189

6 Magnesium 190

Estimating Requirements for Magnesium 202

Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 208

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 242

Research Recommendations 248

7 Vitamin D 250

Estimating Requirements for Vitamin D 259

Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 263

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 278

Research Recommendations 286

8 Fluoride 288

Estimating Requirements for Fluoride 298

Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 301

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 306

Research Recommendations 313

9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 314

Using Recommended Dietary Allowances 315

Using Adequate Intakes 317

Using Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 317

Using Estimated Average Requirements 319

Other Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 323

Addressing Discrepancies Between Usual Intake and the AI 324

A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes 375

C Options for Dealing with Uncertainties 383

D 1994 CSFII Adjusted Data for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium 387

E Model for Estimating Calcium Intake for Desirable Calcium Retention 394

F Biographical Sketches of Committee, Subcommittee, Panel Members and Staff 399.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 325-374) and index.

ISBN:

0309063507

0309064031

OCLC:

37527583