The skills of helping : individuals, families, and groups / Lawrence Shulman.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Shulman, Lawrence.

Contributor:

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Social work education.

Physical Description:

xxiii, 884 pages ; 25 cm

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

Itasca, Ill. : F.E. Peacock Publishers, [1999]

Contents:

Part I A Model of the Helping Process 1

1 An Interactional Approach to Helping 2

Social Work Practice Theory 2

The Client-System Interaction 4

Underlying Assumptions in the Interactional Model 9

Assumption of Symbiosis 9

Assumption of Obstacles in the Engagement 12

Assumption of Strength for Change 15

The Social Work Profession: A Historical Perspective 17

The Roots of the Profession 17

The Function of the Social Work Profession 19

Social Work Skill and The Working Relationship 22

The Integration of Personal and Professional Selves 25

Alternative Social Work Perspectives 27

Radical Social Work Practice 27

Feminist Practice 28

Social Work as Psychotherapy 30

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 30

Summary of Models 33

Part II Social Work with Individuals 39

2 The Preliminary Phase of Work 40

Communications in Practice 41

Obstacles to Direct Communication 41

Examples of Indirect Communication in Practice 42

The Preliminary Phase: Tuning in to Self and to the Client 44

Tuning in to the Authority Theme 44

Elements of the Working Relationship 488

Affective Versus Intellectual Tuning In 50

Tuning In to Your Own Feelings 52

Different Levels of Tuning In 53

Responding Directly to Indirect Cues 55

Oppression Psychology 61

The Master-Slave Paradigm 62

Indicators of Oppression 63

Alienation and Psychopathology 65

Methods of Defense Against Oppression 66

Resilience Theory 67

Developmental Psychology Theory and Research 68

Resilience and Life-Span Theory 71

Implications for Social Work Practice 72

Agency Records, Referral Reports, and the Agency Culture 73

Values, Ethics, and the Law in Social Work Practice 75

Values and Ethics 76

The Impact of Legislation and the Court 83

3 Beginnings and the Contracting Skills 93

The Dynamics of New Relationships 94

Contracting in First Sessions 99

Contracting Example 101

Some Variant Elements in Contracting 102

Research Findings on Contracting 104

Contracting Over Time 105

Contracting With Resistant Clients 107

Models for Assessment in the Beginning Phase 117

Culturally Diverse Practice 120

Mexican-American 122

African-American 122

American Indian 124

Canadian Indian 125

Issues in Cross-Racial Practice 126

Education and Training for Culturally Sensitive Practice 127

Evaluation of Practice: Process and Outcomes 128

Process Evaluation: The Record of Service 129

Outcome Evaluation: The Single-System Research Design 131

4 Skills in the Work Phase 135

A Model of the Work Phase Interview 136

Work Phase Summary 136

Sessional Tuning-In Skills 138

Tuning In to the Client's Sense of Urgency 139

Tuning In to the Worker's Own Feelings 141

Tuning In to the Meaning of the Client's Struggle 143

Tuning In and the Worker's Realities of Time and Stress 144

Tuning In to the Worker's Own Life Experiences 144

Sessional Contracting 145

Elaborating Skills 148

Containment 148

Moving from the General to the Specific 149

Focused Listening 151

Questioning 151

Reaching Inside of Silences 152

Empathic Skills 155

Reaching for Feelings 158

Displaying Understanding of Client's Feelings 158

Putting the Client's Feelings into Words 160

Research Findings on Empathy 160

Sharing Worker's Feelings 161

Issues in Sharing Worker's Feelings 165

Research on Sharing Feelings 167

Making a Demand for Work 168

Partializing Client Concerns 171

Holding to Focus 173

Checking for Underlying Ambivalence 174

Challenging the Illusion of Work 175

Pointing Out Obstacles 176

Supporting Clients in Taboo Areas 176

Dealing with the Authority Theme 179

Identifying Process and Content Connections 181

Skills for Sharing Data 185

Providing Relevant Data 186

Providing Data in a Way That Is Open to Examination 188

Ethical Dilemmas in Withholding Data 190

Helping the Client to See Life in New Ways 191

Sessional Ending and Transition Skills 192

The Skill of Summarizing 193

The Skill of Generalizing 193

The Skill of Identifying Next Steps 194

The Skill of Rehearsal 195

The Skill of Identifying "Doorknob" Communications 196

5 Endings and Transitions 200

The Dynamics and Skills of Endings 201

The Denial Phase 203

Indirect and Direct Expressions of Anger 205

The Mourning Period 209

"Trying It on for Size" 211

The "Farewell-Party" Syndrome 212

The Skills of Transitions 212

Identification of Major Learnings 213

Identification of Areas for Future Work 215

Synthesizing the Ending Process and Content 217

Transitions to New Experiences and Support Systems 218

Some Variations of the Endings Themes 221

Ending a Relationship That Never Really Began 222

Endings Caused by the Termination of the Worker's Job 224

Endings Caused by the Death of the Client 226

Part III Social Work with Families 233

6 Family Practice in the Social Work Context 234

Social Work with Families 234

Selected Concepts from Family Therapy Theory 236

The Two-Clients Concept and the Worker's Role 240

First Family Session with an Angry Father 243

Discussion of the First Family Session 246

Family Support Work Over Time 247

Working with a Single-Parent Family 254

The Impact of Culture and Community: A White Worker and an American Indian Family 262

Parent-Teen Conflict in a Psychiatric Setting 269

7 Problem-Centered Family Practice 277

Mandate, Client Problem, and Family Counseling 277

Hiding the Family's Secrets: Dealing with Taboo Areas 278

The Child Welfare Setting 280

The Foster Parent 280

Working with the Child in Care 286

A Teen Parent and Her Family of Origin 289

Family Practice in a School Setting 290

The Single-Parent Family and the "Big Brother" Service 296

The Acting-Out Parent 296

An Ending and Transition 298

Part IV Social Work with Groups 301

8 The Group as a Mutual Aid System 302

The Dynamics of Mutual Aid 303

Sharing Data 303

The Dialectical Process 305

Discussing a Taboo Area 305

The "All-in-the-Same-Boat" Phenomenon 306

Developing a Universal Perspective 307

Mutual Support 307

Mutual Demand 307

Individual Problem-Solving 309

Rehearsal 310

The "Strength-in-Numbers" Phenomenon 312

Summary of the Dynamics of Mutual Aid 312

Obstacles to Mutual Aid 313

The Function of the Group Leader 314

The "Fear-of-Groups" Syndrome 315

9 Group Formation 319

Preparing for Group Work 319

Work with the Staff System 320

Achieving Consensus on the Service 321

Identifying Group Type and Structure 326

Group Versus Individual Work with Clients 327

Agency Support for Groups 328

Group Composition, Timing, and Structure 329

Group Member Selection 330

Group Timing 332

Group Structure, Setting, and Rules 334

Work with Prospective Members 335

Strategizing for Effective Referrals 336

Worker Skills in the Initial Interviews 337

10 The Beginning Phase with Groups 343

The Dynamics of First Group Sessions 344

The Couples' Group 345

The Initial Stage 346

The Work Continues 356

The Ending and Transition Stage 362

Recontracting 364

Recontracting with Your Own Group 365

Joining an Ongoing Group 382

Co-Leadership in Groups 389

11 First Group Sessions: Some Variations 392

First Sessions with Children and Adolescents 392

Foster Adolescents in a Child Welfare Setting 392

Ten-Year-Old Girls in a School Setting 394

Unmarried Pregnant Teens in a Shelter 400

Setting Limits: An Adolescent Acting-Out Boys' Group 401

Contracting with 12-Year-Old Boys in a School Setting 405

The Impact of Authority on the First Session 406

Involuntary Groups: Addiction and Family Violence 406

Parole Group for Ex-Convicts 412

Public Welfare Clients 416

Authority and the Adoption Process 419

Client Problem Impact 423

Parents with Children with Cerebral Palsy 423

Foster Parents: The

Late-Arriving Members 423

Outpatient Psychiatric Group: Initial Resistance 424

Women with Recent Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis: Crying in the First Session 425

Impact of the Setting of Service 427

Patient Ward Group: Dealing with the Hospital 427

Teen Boys in a Residential Setting: Empowerment for Change 428

Alternative Public Day School: Parents of Children with Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties 429

Impact of Time 431

12 The Work Phase in the Group 437

Sessional Contracting in the Group 438

Reaching for Individual Communication in the Group 438

Acting-Out Behavior: Children, Teens, and Adults 444

Reaching for the Group Response to the Individual 447

Reaching for the Work When Obstacles Threaten 452

The Work Phase in a Group Session 455

Helping the Group Work Over Time 456

Focusing the Group on Problem-Solving Mutual Aid 468

Sessional Endings and Transitions 470

13 Working with the Individual in the Group 474

The Concept of Role in a Dynamic System 474

The Scapegoat in the Group 476

Scapegoating Examples 478

Dealing with the Scapegoating Pattern 495

The Deviant Member 495

Deviant Behavior as Communication 496

The Deviant as a Functional Role 498

The Internal Leader 505

The Internal Leader

The Worker's Ally or Enemy 505

The Gatekeeper 508

The Use of Humor as a Form of Flight 509

The Defensive Member 514

A Three-Stage Change Process 514

The Quiet Member 523

The Monopolizer 526

Parents of Children with Traumatic Brain Injury 527

Men's Counseling Group 528

14 Working with the Group as the Second Client 534

The Group as an Organism 535

Developmental Tasks 535

Dealing with the Relationship to the Worker 537

Dealing with the Relationships Between Members 542

Developing a Culture for Work 556

The Impact of Ethnicity on Group Culture 570

Helping Group Members Develop a Structure for Work 580

Research on Group Structural Variables 580

Young Recovering Addicts: Developing the Rules for the Group 581

Developing a Group Structure Over Time: Teen Psychiatric Group 583

Helping Group Members Negotiate the Environment 588

Adolescents: Acting-Out Behavior in the Community Center 588

Sixth-Grade Girls and the Transition to a New School 590

15 Endings and Transitions with Groups 595

Ending and Transition Phase Summary 595

Endings and Transitions: Group Illustrations 596

Ending Session with Patients with Multiple Sclerosis 596

Pregnant Teens in a Group Home 598

Children's Group in an Elementary School 600

Welfare Mothers' Group 602

Men's Support Group 603

Hearing-Impaired Teenagers' Group 605

Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: The Last Six Sessions 607

A Termination Session: The Worker Leaving the Group 614

16 Some Variant Elements in Group Practice 619

The Open-Ended Group 619

Hospital Group on a Gynecological Ward 620

Bringing in the New Member to an AIDS Group 622

Residential Settings 623

Housing Complex Group for Elderly Persons 623

The Single-Session Group 628

Information Group: Foster Parent Recruitment 629

An Informal Event Group: Remembering the Holocaust 630

Activity in Groups 632

Children Dealing with Their Parents' Separation and Divorce 634

Teenage Girls' Dance Group in a Residential Setting 645

Activity Group for Vietnamese Immigrant Women 648

17 Substance Abuse and Group Work Practice 652

The Literature on Substance Abuse 652

Group Work with Substance Abusers 655

Group Work with Active Abusers 655

Group Work with Persons in Recovery 660

Group Work with Clients with a Dual Diagnosis 672

Group Work with the Substance Abuser's Significant Others 685

Group Work and Substance Abuse Prevention 703

Substance Abuse Prevention 703

Part V Social Work with the System 711

18 Helping Clients to Negotiate the System 712

The Individual-System Interaction 714

Mediating the Individual-System Engagement 715

Work with the School System 717

Work with the Hospital System 723

Confrontation, Social Pressure, and Advocacy 734

Client Advocacy: Helping a Client Negotiate the Housing System 735

19 Professional Impact on the System 742

From Individual Problems to Social Action 744

Illustrations of Agency Change 745

Social Action in the Community 749

Professional Impact and Interstaff Relationships 751

The Agency as a Social System 752

Interdisciplinary Work with a Client: Who Owns the Client? 754

Interdepartmental Communications in a Large System 755

Impact on Relations with Staff at Other Agencies 759

20 Social Work in the Community 764

Neighboring and Neighborhoods 764

Community Organizing Philosophy and Models 765

The Neighborhood as Community 766

The Milieu as Community 796

Working with the Milieu as Community: The War Memorial Gazette 796.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

OCLC:

40569677