The human eye : structure and function / Clyde W. Oyster.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Oyster, Clyde W. (Clyde William), 1940-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Eye--Physiology.

Eye.

Eye--Anatomy.

Ocular Physiological Phenomena.

Medical Subjects:

Ocular Physiological Phenomena.

Physical Description:

xxviii, 766 pages, 29 unnumbered pages : illustrations ; 29 cm

Place of Publication:

Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer Associates, [1999]

Contents:

Prologue: A Brief History of Eyes 1

The Antiquity of Eyes and Vision 1

The Diversity and Distribution of Eyes 9

Paths and Obstacles to Perfection 16

An Ocular Bestiary: Fourteen Eyes and Their Animals 21

Part 1 Ocular Systems

Chapter 1 Formation of the Human Eye 57

Some Developmental Strategies and Operations 57

Embryonic Events before the Eyes Appear 59

Formation of the Primitive Eye 64

Elaboration of the Primitive Eye 65

Failures of Early Development 71

Vignette 1.1 The Eye of Mann 72

Chapter 2 Ocular Geometry and Topography 77

Elements of Ocular Structure 77

Image Quality and Visual Performance 82

The Anatomy of Image Formation 90

Eye Shape and Size 97

The Eye's Axes and Planes of Reference 103

Vignette 2.1 The Medieval Eye 80

Box 2.1 Evaluating Visual Resolution 88

Vignette 2.2 Fundamentum Opticum 98

Chapter 3 The Orbit 111

The Bony Orbit 111

Connections between the Eye and the Orbit 121

Development of the Orbital Bones 127

Vignette 3.1 Sovereign of the Visible World 116

Box 3.1 Visualizing the Orbit and Its Contents In Vivo 122

Vignette 3.2 The Anatomy of Vesalius 128

Chapter 4 The Extraocular Muscles 133

Patterns of Eye Movement 133

Control of Eye Position 139

Extraocular Muscle Structure and Contractile Properties 153

Sensory Endings in Extraocular Muscles and Tendons 165

Actions of the Extraocular Muscles 168

Development of the Extraocular Muscles 183

Box 4.1 Detecting Ocular Misalignment 140

Box 4.2 Changing the Effects of Extraocular Muscle Contraction 152

Vignette 4.1 Locating the Extraocular Muscles 164

Vignette 4.2 In the Service of the Eye 184

Chapter 5 The Nerves of the Eye and Orbit 191

Elements of Neural Organization 191

The Optic Nerve and the Flow of Visual Information 195

The Trigeminal Nerve: Signals for Touch and Pain 212

The Extraocular Motor Nerves 219

Innervation of the Muscles of the Eyelids 226

Autonomic Innervation of Smooth Muscle within the Eye 228

Innervation of the Lacrimal Gland 235

Some Issues in Neural Development 236

Postnatal Neuron Growth and Regeneration 241

Vignette 5.1 The Integrative Action of the Nervous System 196

Box 5.1 Tracing Neural Pathways: Degeneration and Myelin Staining 206

Vignette 5.2 Seeing One World with Two Eyes: The Problem of Decussation 210

Box 5.2 Tracing Neuronal Connections: Axonal Transport Methods 222

Chapter 6 Blood Supply and Drainage 247

Distributing Blood to Tissues 247

The Ophthalmic Artery and Ophthalmic Veins 255

Supply and Drainage of the Eye 260

Supply and Drainage of the Eyelids and Surrounding Tissues 279

Development of the Ocular Blood Vessels 284

Vignette 6.1 Circulation of the Blood 256

Box 6.1 Tracing Hidden Blood Vessels: Vascular Casting 270

Vignette 6.2 Blood Vessels inside the Eye 280

Chapter 7 The Eyelids and the Lacrimal System 291

Structure and Function of the Eyelids 291

Tear Supply and Drainage 307

Formation of the Eyelids and the Lacrimal System 315

Part 2 Components of the Eye

Chapter 8 The Cornea and the Sclera 325

Components and Organization of the Cornea and Sclera 325

The Cornea as a Refractive Surface 349

Corneal Healing and Repair 365

Growth and Development of the Cornea 371

Box 8.1 Biomicroscopy of the Cornea 342

Vignette 8.1 The Invisible Made Visible 350

Box 8.2 Some Reservations about Corneal Refractive Surgery 362

Vignette 8.2 The Art of William Bowman 366

Chapter 9 The Limbus and the Anterior Chamber 379

The Anterior Chamber and Aqueous Flow 379

The Anatomy of Aqueous Drainage 390

Development of the Limbus 405

Box 9.1 Through the Looking Glass: Gonioscopy 382

Box 9.2 Estimating the Pressure Within: Tonometry 388

Chapter 10 The Iris and the Pupil 411

Functions of the Iris and Pupil 411

Structure of the Iris 420

Some Clinically Significant Anomalies of the Iris and Pupil 432

Development of the Iris 440

Chapter 11 The Ciliary Body and the Choroid 447

Anatomical Divisions of the Ciliary Body 447

The Ciliary Processes and Aqueous Formation 449

The Ciliary Muscle and Accommodation 461

The Choroid 477

Development of the Ciliary Body and Choroid 482

Vignette 11.1 The Source 470

Chapter 12 The Lens and the Vitreous 491

Structure of the Lens 492

The Lens as an Optical Element 513

The Vitreous 530

Development of the Lens and Vitreous 539

Vignette 12.1 Putting the Lens in Its Proper Place 512

Box 12.1 Cataract Surgery 528

Chapter 13 Retina I: Photoreceptors and Functional Organization 545

The Retina's Role in Vision 545

Functional Organization of the Retina 549

Catching Photons: Photoreceptors and Their Environment 560

Vignette 13.1 "Everything in the Vertebrate Eye Means Something" 558

Chapter 14 Retina II: Editing Photoreceptor Signals 595

The Editing Process 595

Interactions among Photoreceptors, Horizontal Cells, and Bipolar Cells 597

Interactions among Bipolar Cells, Amacrine Cells, and Ganglion Cells 610

Ganglion Cell Signals to the Brain: Dots for the Retinal Sketches 624

Vignette 14.1 The Retina Comes to Light 612

Vignette 14.2 The Shoemaker's Apprentice 626

Box 14.1 Studying Individual Neurons 632

Chapter 15 Retina III: Regional Variation and Spatial Organization 649

Making Retinal Sketches out of Dots: Limits and Strategies 649

Spatial Organization of the Retina 660

A Final Look at Three Small Pieces of Retina: Dots for the Retinal Sketches 691

Box 15.1 Locating Species of Molecules: Immunohisto-chemistry 670

Chapter 16 The Retina In Vivo and the Optic Nerve 701

Electrical Signals and Assessment of Retinal Function 702

The Retinal Vessels and Assessment of Retinal Health 708

The Optic Nerve 719

Development of the Retina and Optic Nerve 732

Box 16.1 Fluorescein Angiography and the Adequacy of Circulation 710

Epilogue: Time and Change 753

Postnatal Growth and Development 753

Maturation and Senescence 759.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0878936459

OCLC:

41070828