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Who is rational? : studies of individual differences in reasoning / Keith E. Stanovich.
LIBRA BF442 .S73 1999
Available from offsite location
- Format:
- Book
- Author/Creator:
- Stanovich, Keith E., 1950-
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Reasoning (Psychology).
- Individual differences.
- Physical Description:
- xvi, 296 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm
- Place of Publication:
- Mahwah, N.J. : L. Erlbaum Associates, 1999.
- Summary:
- This volume reviews a body of research on individual differences in thinking and reasoning and brings his conclusions to bear on the longstanding debate over whether people "are" or "are not" rational thinkers. For cognitive scientists and educators.
- Contents:
- Chapter 1 Conceptualizing Rationality: Some Preliminaries 1
- Descriptive, Normative, and Prescriptive Models 3
- Pretheoretical Positions on Human Rationality 4
- Rationality and Levels of Analysis in Cognitive Science 9
- A Framework for the Intentional Level 12
- Philosophical Problems at the Intentional Level: Is Human Irrationality Possible? 17
- Rationality and Evolution 22
- Rationality and Reflective Equilibrium 24
- Alternative Explanations for the Normative/Descriptive Gap 28
- The Rest of This Book 30
- Chapter 2 Performance Errors and Computational Limitations 32
- Individual Differences and Performance Errors 32
- Individual Differences and Computational Limitations 37
- Conclusions Regarding Performance Errors and Computational Limitations 48
- Chapter 3 The Inappropriate Norm Argument 53
- From the Descriptive to the Normative in Reasoning Experiments 56
- Putting Descriptive Facts to Work: The Understanding/Acceptance Principle 61
- Applying the Right Norms: Clues From Individual Differences 63
- Examples of Normative Applications Undermined by the Understanding/Acceptance Principle 68
- Noncausal Base Rates 68
- The False-Consensus Effect 74
- Explicating Normative Rules and the Understanding/Acceptance Principle 78
- The Selection Task: Choosing P(D/[similar]H) 79
- The Selection Task: Choosing the Base Rate 81
- Noncausal Base Rates: The Disease Problem 83
- Examination of Other Problems With Controversial Norms 86
- Newcomb's Problem 86
- The Prisoner's Dilemma 88
- Summary of Applications of the Understanding/Acceptance Principle 92
- The Argument Evaluation Results and Reflective Equilibrium 95
- Chapter 4 The Problem of Rational Task Construal 98
- The Necessity for Principles of Rational Construal 99
- Alternative Construals and Problem Framing 103
- Evaluating Principles of Rational Construal: The Understanding/Acceptance Principle Again 105
- The Disease Problem 107
- The Laundry Problem 108
- Honoring Sunk Costs 109
- Summary of Framing and Sunk Cost Results 115
- The Overconfidence Effect in Knowledge Calibration 116
- The Conjunction Fallacy 121
- The Linda Problem 121
- The Job Problem: An Easier Scenario 124
- The Student Problem: Frequency Estimation 125
- Alternative Construals of Conjunction Problems: A Summary 127
- Alternative Construals of the Selection Task 128
- Models of Selection Task Performance 133
- Chapter 5 Dual-Process Theories and Evolutionary Adaptation Versus Normative Rationality 142
- Interactional Intelligence 143
- A Generic Dual-Process Framework 144
- Alternative Task Construals: Evolutionary Adaptation Versus Normative Rationality 148
- Chapter 6 Thinking Dispositions and Decontextualized Reasoning 153
- Beyond Computational Limitations: Systematic Associations Among Reasoning Tasks 154
- Beyond Computational Limitations: Systematic Associations With Thinking Dispositions 156
- Distinguishing Cognitive Capacities and Thinking Dispositions 156
- Levels of Analysis and Thinking Dispositions 158
- Thinking Dispositions: An Empirical Study 159
- Reasoning Independently of Prior Belief: Thinking Dispositions as Predictors of Argument Evaluation Ability 162
- A New Analytic Strategy for Assessing Argument Evaluation Ability 163
- Cognitive Decontextualization 170
- A Direct Test of the Domain Generality of a Cognitive Decontextualization Skill 174
- Chapter 7 The Fundamental Computational Bias 190
- The Pervasiveness of the Fundamental Computational Bias 193
- The Fundamental Computational Bias and Evolutionary Adaptation 202
- The Real-World Importance of Cognitive Decontextualization 203
- Chapter 8 Has Human Irrationality Been Empirically Demonstrated? 208
- Performance Errors 209
- Computational Limitations 209
- Thinking Dispositions and Rational Thought 211
- Reversing the Figure and Ground of Competence and Performance 212
- Alternative Task Construals: A Pyrrhic Victory for the Panglossians 216
- Alternative Task Construals: A Pyrrhic Victory for the Apologists 223
- Questionable Task Interpretations 228
- Why Normative Rationality Will Not Disappear 231
- The Cultural Transmission of Norms and the Malleability of Computational Limitations 234
- Education and Normative Rationality 236
- Caveats and Clarifications 238
- Assumptions Regarding Evolutionary Rationality and System 1 Processes 238
- Alternative Interpretations of Relationships With Cognitive Ability 239
- The Plausibility of Computational Limitations in Different Types of Tasks 241
- Alternative Construal as a Computational Escape Hatch 241
- Not All System 1 Overrides Are Efficacious 243
- Normative and Evolutionary Rationality and the Rationality, and Rationality[subscript 2] of Evans and Over (1996) 243
- Normative Rationality in the Belief Bias Situation: The Knowledge Projection Argument 244
- Rationality and Pretheoretical Biases 249.
- Notes:
- Includes bibliographical references (pages 253-281) and index.
- ISBN:
- 0805824723
- 0805824731
- OCLC:
- 39812301
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