Sociolinguistics in Japanese contexts / Takesi Sibata ; edited by Tetsuya Kunihiro, Fumio Inoue, Daniel Long.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Shibata, Takeshi, 1918-2007.

Contributor:

Kunihiro, Tetsuya, 1929-2022.

Inoue, Fumio, 1942-

Long, Daniel, 1963-

Series:

Contributions to the sociology of language ; 81.

Contributions to the sociology of language ; 81

Standardized Title:

Shakai gengogaku no kadai. Selections. English

Language:

English

Japanese

Subjects (All):

Sociolinguistics--Japan.

Sociolinguistics.

Japan.

Physical Description:

xvi, 489 pages : illustrations, maps ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1999.

Contents:

0. Dr. Takesi Sibata and the Principal Trends in Japanese Sociolinguistics 5

2. The importance of Dr. Sibata in sociolinguistics 7

2.1. The quantity of Dr. Sibata's contributions 8

2.2. The quality of Dr. Sibata's contribution 8

3. Dr. Sibata's life history and sociolinguistics 10

3.1. Romanization 10

3.2. The "Literacy Survey" 10

3.3. Surveys of language standardization 11

3.4. Survey of Honorifics 11

3.5. Linguistic Atlas of Japan and Linguistic Atlas of Itoigawa 12

3.6. Dr. Sibata's surveys as a University Professor 13

4. Characteristics of Dr. Sibata's Research 14

4.1. Inductive methodology 14

4.2. Using the "scientific" method 14

4.3. Exhaustiveness 14

4.4. Secular linguistics 15

4.5. Originality 15

4.6. The scholastic endeavor 16

(I) The Study of Sociolinguistics

1. The Language Life of the Japanese 19

1. What is 'language life'? 19

2. The structure of life and linguistic behavior 23

2.1. Situations in 'language life' 23

2.2. Time in the daily life of the Japanese 27

2.3. A day in the life of a woman 30

2.3.1. An example of a day 30

2.3.2. Greetings and speech events 32

3. Communication which relies on speech 33

3.1. The typology and flow of communication 33

3.2. Linguistic behavior and intentions of the sender 39

4. Situations of linguistic communication 40

5. Special characteristics of the language life of the Japanese 46

2. The Survey of a Speech Community and its Methodology 51

2. Dialectology, linguistic geography, and the survey of speech communities 52

3. The procedure for studying a speech community 54

4. One method of investigating a speech community 55

4.1. Planning a survey 55

4.1.1. Language as a scale 55

4.1.2. The object of investigation 59

4.2. Implementing a survey 62

4.3. Analysis of the results 62

3. A 24 Hour Survey of the Language Life of the Japanese 65

1. The language life of the Japanese and the 24 hour survey 65

2. The method of "the 24 hour survey" 66

2.1. Selection of informants 66

2.2. Recording 67

2.3. Fixing the date for the survey 70

2.4. The use of investigators 70

3. The content of the recordings 70

4. Aims of analysis 71

5. For future investigation 72

4. Individual Differences Among Investigators of Linguistic Geography 73

2. Individual differences between speakers and between interviewers 74

3. Simple individual differences 76

3.0. Field methods 76

3.1. Transcriptions of /h/ 77

3.2. Geminate consonants 79

3.3. Vowel length 80

3.4. Velar consonants 81

4. Individual differences reflecting language history 81

4.1. piiman 'green pepper' 81

4.2. ma-wata 'floss silk' 82

4.3. kinoko 'mushroom' 82

4.4. yuge 'steam' 83

4.5. kakashi 'scarecrow' 84

4.6. ama-dare-ochi 'rain drip spot' 84

4.7. ibiki 'snoring' 85

4.8. naka-yubi 'middle finger' 85

4.9. hito-sashi-yubi 'index finger' 86

5. Analysis of survey materials and analysis of individual differences 86

(II) Honorifics

5. Honorifics and Honorifics Research 91

1. Special Treatment 91

2. Diversity of treatment expressions 95

3. Methods of "keeping distance" 96

6. The Honorific Prefix "O-" in Contemporary Japanese 99

2. Lexical factors governing the use of o-

The 4830 word / 18 informant survey

101

2.1. The problem: Words not usually prefixed by o- 101

2.2. Method of inquiry 102

2.3. The results 104

2.4. Conclusions on words with o- 109

3. Social factors governing the use of o-

The 49 word / 472 informant survey

111

3.1. The problem 111

3.2. Informants 113

3.3. Results: Social conditions governing the use of o- 115

3.4. Conclusions on users of o- 121

Appendix I Words with which o- is frequently used 123

Appendix II Distribution of informants by district (cho) 124

7. Learning to Say "HAHA" 127

2. An outline of the survey 130

3. Results

(1) Usage and age 130

4. Results

(2) Differences between Uptown and Downtown 135

5. Results

(3) Differences between questionnaire and interview results 136

6. Results

(4) 'Okasan' 137

8. Supplement 1: "Mother is well." 138

9. Supplement 2: Addendum 140

8. The Language Life of Machino

The Social Psychology of Honorifics

143

2. Social stratification and honorific differentiation of kinship terms 144

2.1. Differentiation of kinship terms 144

2.2. Social stratification of Tanagai 145

2.3. What defines usage of address kinship terms 147

3. Honorific behavior in discourse and social conditions 148

3.1. Interpersonal relationships in Tanagai 149

3.2. Honorific behavior in discourse 150

3.3. Determinants of honorific behavior in discourse 153

5. Materials 154

9. Honorifics in a Community 157

1. The local community, the family and the individual 157

2. Viewpoint of linguistic sociology 158

3. Honorific system and honorific usage 159

4. The Kami-Tokikuni community 162

5. Kinds of address terms 163

6. Analysis of address terms 166

7. Differentiation of usage of address terms by addressers 166

8. Differentiated usage of address terms by addresses 170

9. Differentiation of usage of self-reference terms by addressers 175

10. Differentiated usage of self-reference terms by addressees 177

11. Conclusion: isolation and honorifics 179

III Language Change

10. The Rise and Fall of Dialects 183

1. Standard Language and the creation of the "National Language" in the Meiji era 183

2. The shift towards the Dialect Eradication Movement 191

3. The advent of the age of Common Language and the fate of dialects 196

11. The Age Structure of the Speech Community 207

1. Differentiation of linguistic behavior by the age of members of speech communities 207

2. Age structure revealed through surveys of language standardization and literacy 208

3. Age as one of the conditioning factors of linguistic behavior 214

4. Is age structure present in every era 214

12. 20 Years of the Itoigawa Dialect 217

2. Aims of this comparison 217

3. Data gathering 217

4. Methods of comparison 218

5. Results of analysis

(1) individual items 219

5.1. The case of 'forehead' 219

5.2. The case of 'pothanger (hook over a hearth)' 221

6. Results of analysis

(2) overall tendencies 224

13. The Evolution of Common Language in Hokkaido 229

1. Hokkaido and the development of Common Language 229

2. The Hokkaido survey 231

3. From first generation to third generation

Bibai 232

3.1. Vocabulary 232

3.2. Phonology 234

3.3. Grammar 235

3.4. Pitch accent 236

4. From first generation to third generation

Kutchan 238

4.1. Vocabulary 238

4.2. Phonology 239

4.3. Grammar 239

4.4. Pitch accent 240

5. The development of Hokkaido Common Language 241

5.1. Vocabulary 241

5.2. Phonology 242

5.3. Grammar 242

5.4. Pitch accent 243

6. The language of third generation informants 244

7. Ways that "commonization" progresses 247

14. Dialect Formation in a Settlement 249

1. The linguistic meaning of 'settlement' 250

2. The conditions at the beginning of settlement 250

3. The relationship between a settlement and other villages 251

4. The Sakibaru dialect 251

5. The Mikyo Dialect 255

6. Changes in dialects 258

15. Place Names as Evidence of Japanese Settlement in Ainu Areas 263

2. Classification of Place Names in Hokkaido 265

2.1. Japanese place names 265

2.2. Japanese place names of Ainu origin, or Japanized Ainu place names 265

2.3. Ainu place names 266

2.4. Indiscernible as either Japnese or Ainu place names 266

3. Immigration and Rice Growing in Hokkaido 268

IV Sociolect and Idiolect

16. Group Language 277

1. Properties of group language 277

2. Argot, occupational language and slang 280

2.1. Argot 280

2.2. Occupational language 280

2.3. Slang 281

2.4. Relationship of argot, occupational language and slang 281

3. Nicknames and terms of endearment 282

4. The language boss 284

5. The formation of group language 286

5.1. Use of foreign loanwords 286

5.2. Changing the form of a word 287

5.3. Changing the meaning of a word 287

5.4. Contributions to language change 288

6. Language in the family 289

7. Language in groups at a school 292

7.1. Types of naming 292

7.2. Terms of endearment in a state of flux 294

8. Student language 295

9. Occupational language in the workplace 297

9.1. Broadcast stations 297

9.2. Department stores 298

17. Group Language and its Emergence 301

1. Three kinds of group language 301

1.1. Argot in department stores 301

1.2. Occupational language in a broadcasting station 302

1.3. Student slang 302

2. Creation of group language 303

3. Group consciousness 304

3.1. A group of statisticians 304

3.2. A group of new pupils 304

4. Argot and slang: differences and similarities 305

4.1. The dialectization of slang 305

4.2. Group conditions as manifested in slang and argot 306

5. Group language deriving from a so-called language boss 306

5.1. The existence of a so-called language boss 306

5.2. The effect of a language boss 306

18. Fad Words and Language Bosses 309

1. Fad words in fashion 309

2. Large differences in fad words among groups 311

3. Downtown, Uptown and Suburbs 313

4. Intentional fad words 315

5. Favorable environments for language bosses 317

19. Urbanization and Language Differences in Social Classes 321

1. Gentry and commoners in Miyako 321

2. Language differences between gentry and commoners 323

3. Gentry and commoners in Hirara and Karimata 324

4. Unexpectedly small language differences between gentry and commoners 325

4.1. Class differences for both Hirara city and Karimata village 326

4.2. Class differences for Karimata village 328

4.3. Class differences for Hirara city 329

5. Decreasing linguistic differences due to commoners' assimilation into the gentry 331

5.1. Reference and address terms for 'father' 331

5.2. Reference and address terms for 'mother' 332

5.3. tanka-yoz 'birthday celebration' 332

6. Urbanization as a factor in change 332

20. Changes in Life and Changes in Language

Stabilization of New Expressions 335

1. A variety of expressions 335

2. Words relating to electric machines 337

2.1. Verbs used with electric machines 337

2.2. Verbs of switching on 338

2.3. Etymology of verbs of switching on 340

2.4. Verbs for turning off 342

3. The relationship between concept and word 343

4. Changes in life and changes in language 347

21. The Microtoponymy of A Limited Area Considered as Part of the Vocabulary of an Idiolect 351

2. The nature of micro-place names 352

3. A description of the area investigated 355

4. Method of inquiry 357

5. Results and analysis 358

5.1. Characteristics of the active vocabulary of place names 358

5.2. The passive vocabulary of place names 363

5.3. Individual differences with respect to the word forms and the locations of place names 364

5.4. A general tendency with regard to two special place names in Tanagai 366

5.5. Japanese place names within an idiolect 366

(V) Norms of Language

22. Consciousness of Language Norms 371

1. Paying attention to language 371

2. The need for norms 373

3. Two kinds of norm 374

4. When rules are necessary 375

5. Conditions for becoming a rule 375

6. Norms and style 376

23. Standards of Pronunciation 379

1. Standards of language and standards of pronunciation 379

2. Locating the problem 382

3. Correct pronunciation 383

4. Standards of phonological structure 385

5. Desirable ways of speaking and listening 386

6. Variant word forms 387

24. Discriminatory Words and Linguistic Taboos 391

1. Taboos attached to words 391

2. Changes in discriminatory words 391

3. Discriminatory words in compounds 392

4. Reality without words 393

5. Towards a revolution in people's consciousness 393.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 409-414) and index.

"Complete works of Takesi Sibata": pages 417-471.

ISBN:

3110149796

OCLC:

39785232