Surface engineering of metals : principles, equipment, technologies / Tadeusz Burakowski, Tadeusz Wierzchoń.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Burakowski, Tadeusz.

Contributor:

Wierzchoń, Tadeusz.

Series:

Materials science and technology (Boca Raton, Fla.)

CRC series in materials science and technology

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Metals--Surfaces.

Metals.

Surfaces (Technology).

Physical Description:

592 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, [1999]

Summary:

Surface Engineering of Metals provides basic definitions of classical and modern surface treatments, addressing mechanisms of formation, microstructure, and properties of surface layers. Part I outlines the fundamentals of surface engineering, presents the history of its development, and proposes a two-category classification of surface layers. Discussions include the basic potential and usable properties of superficial layers and coatings, explaining their concept, interaction with other properties, and the significance of these properties for proper selection and functioning. Part II provides an original classification of the production methods of surface layers. Discussions include the latest technologies in this field, characterized by directional or beam interaction of particles or of the heating medium with the treat surface.

Contents:

Part I. General Fundamentals of Surface Engineering

1. The concept of surface engineering 1

1.1 The term "surface engineering" 1

1.2 Scope of topics forming the concept of surface engineering 3

2. Development of surface engineering 7

2.1 History of development of surface engineering 7

2.1.1 General laws of development 7

2.1.2 History of development of metallic structural materials 7

2.1.3 History of development of the technology of surface improvement of structural materials 11

2.2 Surface engineering today 20

2.2.1 General areas of activity of surface engineering 20

2.2.2 Significance of surface engineering 22

2.3 Directions of development of surface engineering 23

2.3.1 Perfection and combination of methods of manufacturing of surface layers 23

2.3.2 Design of surface layers, based on mathematical modeling 25

2.3.3 Micro and nanometric testing 26

2.3.4 Rational application of surface layers 26

3. The solid surface 29

3.1 The significance of the surface 29

3.2 The surface - geometrical concept 30

3.3 The surface - mechanical concept 30

3.4 The surface - physico-chemical concept 32

3.4.1 The phase 32

3.4.2 Interphase surface - a physical surface 33

3.4.3 Surface energy 34

3.4.4 Surface phenomena 38

4. Surface layers 41

5. The superficial layer 45

5.1 Development of concepts regarding the superficial layer 45

5.2 Shaping of the superficial layer 48

5.3 Structure of the superficial layer 52

5.3.1 Simplified models of the superficial layer 52

5.3.2 The developed model of the superficial layer 57

5.4 A general characteristic of the superficial layer obtained by machining 60

5.5 Physical description of the superficial layer 63

5.6 Strengthening and weakening of the superficial layer 64

5.7 Potential properties of the superficial layer 65

5.7.1 Geometrical parameters of the superficial layer 67

5.7.1.1 Three-dimensional structure of the surface 67

5.7.1.2 Surface roughness 68

5.7.1.3 Structural flaws of the three-dimensional surface 73

5.7.2 Stereometric-physico-chemical parameters of the superficial layer 74

5.7.2.1 Emissivity 74

5.7.2.2 Reflectivity 78

5.7.3 Physico-chemical parameters of the superficial layer 78

5.7.3.1 General characteristic 78

5.7.3.2 Metallographic structure 79

5.7.3.3 Hardness 81

5.7.3.4 Brittleness 83

5.7.3.5 Residual stresses 84

5.7.3.6 Absorption 96

5.7.3.7 Adsorption 96

5.7.3.8 Solubility 105

5.7.3.9 Diffusion 106

5.7.3.10 Adhesion 113

5.7.3.11 Catalysis 117

5.8 Practically usable properties of the superficial layer 123

5.8.1 Strength properties 124

5.8.1.1 General characteristic 124

5.8.1.2 Fatigue strength 125

5.8.2 Tribological properties 135

5.8.2.1 Types of basic tribological properties 135

5.8.2.2 Types of friction 135

5.8.2.3 Sliding friction 139

5.8.2.4 Rolling friction 141

5.8.2.5 The role of surface in the friction process 142

5.8.2.6 Thermal effects of friction 143

5.8.2.7 Lubrication 144

5.8.2.8 Tribological wear and its various versions 147

5.8.2.9 Factors affecting tribological wear 158

5.8.2.10 Non-wear friction (selective carryover) 162

5.8.2.11 Limiting tribological wear 165

5.8.3 Anti-corrosion properties 166

5.8.4 Decorative properties 169

5.9 The significance of the superficial layer 169

6. Coatings 175

6.1 The concept of the coatings 175

6.2 Structure of the coating 175

6.3 Types of coatings 177

6.3.1 Division of coatings by material 177

6.3.1.1 Metallic coatings 177

6.3.1.2 Non-metallic coatings 178

6.3.2 Classification of coatings by application 183

6.3.2.1 Protective coatings 183

6.3.2.2 Decorative coatings 185

6.3.2.3 Protective-decorative coatings 186

6.3.2.4 Technical coatings 187

6.3.3 Classification of coatings by manufacturing methods 189

6.3.3.1 Galvanizing 191

6.3.3.2 Immersion coatings 193

6.3.3.3 Spray coatings 195

6.3.3.4 Cladded coatings 197

6.3.3.5 Crystallizing coatings 199

6.4 Potential properties of coatings 199

6.4.1 Geometrical parameters of coatings 200

6.4.1.1 Thickness 200

6.4.1.2 Three-dimensional structure of the surface 201

6.4.1.3 Surface unevenness 201

6.4.1.4 Defects of the three-dimensional structure 201

6.4.2 Geometric and physico-chemical parameters of coatings 202

6.4.3 Physico-chemical parameters of coatings 202

6.4.3.1 General characteristic 202

6.4.3.2 Structure of metallic coatings 203

6.4.3.3 Residual stresses 206

6.4.3.4 Adhesion 207

6.4.3.5 Hardness 208

6.4.3.6 Ductility (elasticity) 209

6.4.3.7 Electrical properties 209

6.4.3.8 Magnetic properties 210

6.5 Service properties of coatings 210

6.5.1 Anti-corrosion properties 210

6.5.1.1 Types of corrosion 210

6.5.1.2 Corrosion resistance 213

6.5.1.3 Porosity 214

6.5.1.4 Bulging 216

6.5.1.5 Permeability 217

6.5.2 Decorative properties 219

6.5.2.1 External appearance 219

6.5.2.2 Color 220

6.5.2.3 Luster 221

6.5.2.4 Coverability 222

6.5.2.5 Specific decorative properties 222

6.6 Significance and directions of development of coatings 223

Part II. The newest techniques of producing surface layers

1. Formation of technological surface layers 235

1.1 Techniques of formation of technological surface layers 235

1.1.1 Mechanical techniques 235

1.1.2 Thermo-mechanical techniques 238

1.1.3 Thermal techniques 240

1.1.4 Thermo-chemical techniques 241

1.1.5 Electrochemical and chemical techniques 243

1.1.6 Physical techniques 246

1.2 Classification of techniques of producing technological surface layers 247

2. Electron beam technology 253

2.1 Advent and development of electron beam technology 253

2.2 Physical principles underlying the functioning of electron beam equipment 255

2.2.1 Electron emission 255

2.2.2 Thermoelectron emission 255

2.2.3 Utilization of plasma as a source of electrons 256

2.2.4 Acceleration of electrons 257

2.2.5 Electron beam control 258

2.2.6 Vacuum in electron equipment 260

2.3 Electron beam heaters 261

2.3.1 Electron guns 261

2.3.1.1 Thermal emission guns 261

2.3.1.2 Plasma emission guns 262

2.3.2 Design of electron beam heaters 264

2.3.3 Types of beams and patterns 264

2.4 Physical fundamentals of interaction of electron beam with treated material 267

2.4.1 Mechanism of interaction of electron beam with treated material 267

2.4.2 Efficiency of electron beam heating 270

2.4.3 Rate of heating and cooling 273

2.5 Electron beam techniques 275

2.5.1 Remelt-free techniques 278

2.5.1.1 Annealing and tempering 278

2.5.1.2 Remelt-free hardening 279

2.5.2 Remelt techniques 287

2.5.2.1 Surface remelting 287

2.5.2.2 Alloying 292

2.5.2.3 Cladding 295

2.5.3 Evaporation techniques 295

2.5.4 Applications of electron beam heating in surface engineering 296

3. Laser technology 307

3.1 Development of laser technology 307

3.2 Physical fundamentals of lasers 309

3.2.1 Spontaneous and stimulated emission 309

3.2.2 Laser action 312

3.2.2.1 Inversion of occupation of energy levels 312

3.2.2.2 Optical resonator 314

3.2.3 Single-mode and multi-mode laser beams 318

3.3 Lasers and laser heaters 321

3.3.1 General design of lasers 321

3.3.2 Molecuar CO[subscript 2] lasers 322

3.3.2.1 General characteristic 322

3.3.2.2 Lasers with slow longitudinal flow (diffusion cooled) 323

3.3.2.3 Lasers with fast longitudinal flow 325

3.3.2.4 Lasers with transverse flow 326

3.3.3 Solid Nd-YAG lasers 327

3.3.4 Continuous and pulse laser operation 328

3.3.5 Laser heaters and machinetools 330

3.4 Physical fundamentals of laser heating 332

3.4.1 Properties of laser heating 332

3.4.2 The role surface absorption in laser heating 333

3.4.3 Depth of penetration

of photons into the metal 335

3.4.4 Laser heating stages 337

3.4.5 Temperature distribution in laser-heated material 340

3.4.6 Laser beam control 347

3.5 Laser techniques 350

3.5.1 Remelting-free techniques 352

3.5.1.1 Annealing and tempering, preheating 352

3.5.1.2 Remelt-free hardening 354

3.5.1.3 Surface cleaning 362

3.5.2 Remelting techniques 362

3.5.2.1 Surface remelting 362

3.5.2.2 Alloying 372

3.5.2.3 Cladding 381

3.5.3 Evaporation techniques 385

3.5.3.1 Pure evaporation 385

3.5.3.2 Detonation hardening 385

3.5.3.3 Ablation cleaning 388

3.5.4 Laser techniques for formation of thin and hard coatings 389

3.5.4.1 Coating formation by the fusion alloying in gas method 389

3.5.4.2 Formation of coatings by the pure vapour deposition method 390

3.5.4.3 Pyrolytic and photochemical formation of coatings 391

3.5.4.4 Formation of coatings by chemical methods (LCVD) 393

3.6 Application of laser heating in surface engineering 394

4. Implantation techniques (ion implantation) 413

4.1 Development of ion implantation technology 413

4.1.1 Chronology of development 413

4.1.2 General characteristic of plasma and beam implantation of ions 414

4.2 Plasma source ion implantation 415

4.3 Physical principles of ion beam implantation 417

4.3.1 Continuous ion beam implantation 417

4.3.2 Pulse ion beam implantation 425

4.4 Ion beam implantation equipment 425

4.4.1 Continuous ion beam implanters 426

4.4.2 Pulse ion implanters 437

4.5 Ion beam implantation techniques 438

4.6 Modification of properties of implanted materials 443

4.6.1 Tribological properties of implanted materials 445

4.6.2 Strength properties of implanted materials 453

4.6.3 Hardness and adhesion of implanted materials 455

4.6.4 Corrosion resistance of implanted materials 457

4.6.5 Other properties of implanted materials 459

4.7 Application of implantation technology 459

4.8 Advantages and disadvantages of ion implantation techniques 464

5. Glow discharge methods and CVD technology 475

5.1 Conception and development of glow discharge methods 475

5.2 Physico-chemical basis of glow discharge process treatment 475

5.2.1 Glow discharge 476

5.2.2 Interaction between ions and metals 486

5.2.2.1 Ion sputtering 487

5.2.2.2 The role of ion sputtering in glow discharge treatments 489

5.2.3 Chemisorption in glow discharge treatments 493

5.3 Glow discharge furnaces 497

5.4 Glow discharge applications 503

5.4.1 Glow discharge nitriding 503

5.4.2 Glow discharge boriding 508

5.5 CVD methods 512

6. Vacuum deposition by physical techniques (PVD) 525

6.1 Development of PVD techniques 525

6.2 PVD techniques 527

6.2.1 General characteristic 527

6.2.2 Classification of PVD techniques 529

6.2.3 Discussion of more important PVD techniques 535

6.2.3.1 Techniques utilizing simultaneous evaporation of substrate from entire liquid surface 535

6.2.3.2 Techniques utilizing local evaporation 538

6.2.3.3 Techniques utilizing direct sputtering 540

6.2.3.4 Techniques utilizing deposition from ion beams 543

6.3 Equipment for coating deposition by PVD techniques 544

6.4 Coatings deposited by PVD techniques 551

6.4.1 Coating material 551

6.4.2 Types of coatings 556

6.4.2.1 General 556

6.4.2.2 Classification of coatings 557

6.4.3 Control of structure and properties of coatings 560

6.4.3.1 General 560

6.4.3.2 Models of coating deposition 560

6.4.4 Preparation of substrate for coating deposition 564

6.4.4.1 Requirements to be met by the coated surface 564

6.4.4.2 Initial cleaning 564

6.4.4.3 Final (ion) cleaning 565

6.5 Service characteristics of coatings deposited by PVD techniques 568

6.5.1 General 568

6.5.2 Decorative characteristics 570

6.5.3 Tribological properties 571

6.5.3.1 Coating of tooling and machine parts 571

6.5.3.2 Tool performance 573

6.5.4 Anti-corrosion properties 576

6.5.5 Optical and electrical properties 577.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0849382254

OCLC:

39739768