Echoenhancers and transcranial color duplex sonography / Ulrich Bogdahn, Georg Becker, Felix Schlachetzki (eds.).

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Bogdahn, Ulrich.

Becker, Georg.

Schlachetzki, Felix.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cerebrovascular disease--Ultrasonic imaging.

Cerebrovascular disease.

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.

Duplex ultrasonography.

Physical Description:

xv, 420 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Berlin ; Boston : Blackwell Science, [1998]

Contents:

Part A Basic Principles

1 Historical Development of Transcranial Color-Coded Tomography / H. Furuhata 3

1.2 Problems in the Transcranial Application of Real-time Duplex and Color Doppler Tomography 3

1.3 Study of Echo Window Size 4

1.4 Selection of Ultrasonic Frequency 8

1.5 Measurement of Intracranial Blood Flow by Duplex Sonography 8

1.6 Transcranial Color Doppler Tomography 8

1.7 Conclusions - Improvement of Transcranial Color Doppler Imaging 12

2 Physics of Sonographic Imaging, Ultrasound-Tissue Interactions and Safety Issues / R. Soldner 17

2.1 Propagation of Sound 18

2.2 Scanner Systems 23

2.3 Image Quality 29

2.4 Patient Safety 34

3 Transducer Technology / H. Kaarmann 37

3.2 Functional Principle of Ultrasound Transducers 37

3.3 Transducer Characteristics 44

3.4 Signal Processing (Preprocessing) 46

3.5 Artifacts 47

4 Signal Processing in Functional and Morphological Ultrasound Imaging / H. Ermert 52

4.2 Morphological Imaging 53

4.3 Functional Imaging (Doppler Flow Imaging) 66

4.4 Histological Imaging (Ultrasound Tissue Characterization) 71

5 Techniques of Doppler Sonography and Color Duplex Sonography / R. Haerten 78

5.1 The Doppler Effect 79

5.2 Continuous-Wave and Pulsed-Wave Doppler 81

5.3 Color Duplex Sonography 88

6 Power Doppler Imaging / R. Haerten 93

6.1 Flow Velocity, Variance and Power 93

6.2 Technical Principles 95

6.3 Performance Features of Power Doppler Imaging 97

7 Technical Aspects of the Clinical Examination / F. Schlachetzki 100

7.1 Technical Aspects of Color Duplex Sonography 100

7.2 General Aspects of Equipment Operation and Imaging 107

8 Artifacts / G. Becker 112

8.1 Artifacts in B-mode Imaging 112

8.2 Artifacts in Color Duplex Sonography 118

9 3-D Sonography

Technical Aspects / A. Fenster 121

9.2 Acquisition Techniques 121

9.3 Reconstruction 129

9.4 3-D Ultrasound Image Rendering 130

10 Three-Dimensional Transcranial Duplex Sonography With and Without Contrast Enhancement / E. Bauer, U. Bogdahn, R. Soldner, A. Hutzelmeyer, A. Haase 141

10.2 System Requirements 142

10.3 Anatomic Requirements for Transcranial Access 143

10.4 Ultrasound System 143

10.5 Echo Signal Enhancement 144

10.6 3-D Data Acquisition and Image Processing 144

10.7 Segmentation and Visualization 145

10.8 Reconstruction of the 3-D Dataset 146

10.9 Preliminary Clinical Results 147

10.10 Potentials of 3-D Contrast-Enhanced Transcranial Sonography 149

11 Ultrasound Contrast Agents / T. Holscher 152

11.1 Development of Ultrasound Contrast Agents 152

11.2 Mode of Action 152

11.3 Current Developments 153

11.4 Further Developments 155

12 Galactose-Based Echo Contrast Agents in Diagnostic Ultrasound / R. Schlief 157

12.2 Basic Pharmaceutical Properties of Echovist and Levovist 157

12.3 Toxicology 160

12.4 Clinical Indications 160

12.5 Tolerance and Safety 164

12.6 Dosing 164

12.7 Microbubble-Specific Ultrasound Scanning 166

13 Assessment of Cerebral Perfusion Using Echo Contrast Agents / G. Seidel 168

13.1 Defining Cerebral Perfusion in Neurosonography 168

13.2 Mathematical Models for Echo Contrast Agent Kinetics 168

13.3 Echo Contrast Agents 172

13.4 Technical Requirements for Measuring Changes in Cerebral Perfusion 173

13.5 Experimental Data 175

14 Harmonic Imaging / P. von Behren 183

14.1 Ultrasound Contrast Agents 183

14.2 Bubble Contrast 183

14.3 Bubble Resonance Frequency 184

14.4 Harmonic Imaging 184

14.5 Harmonic Doppler and Harmonic Color Flow Imaging 185

14.6 Ultrasound System Requirements for Harmonic Imaging 187

15 Transient Response Imaging / T. R. Porter 192

15.2 Transient Response Imaging: Background 194

15.3 In Vitro Studies With Intermittent Harmonic Imaging 195

15.4 Intermittent Harmonic Imaging in Animal Studies 197

15.5 Transient Response Imaging in Humans: Validation and Clinical Applications 199

15.6 Intermittent Harmonic Imaging: Future Directions 201

16 New Concepts for Ultrasound Contrast Imaging / A. Bauer, M. Zomack, S. Hilgenfeldt, D. Lohse, A. Urbank, R. Schlief 204

16.2 Linear Response: The Basis of Echo Enhancement 204

16.3 Microbubble Resonances 206

16.4 Stimulated Acoustic Emission and the Generation of Harmonics 208

16.5 Specific Detection by LOC Imaging 210

16.6 Summary and Future Developments 214

Part B Clinical Applications

17 Examination Techniques / G. Becker, B. Griewing 219

17.1 Problems of the Bone Window 219

17.2 Transducer Selection 222

17.3 Important Data for Practical Application of Different Color Coding and Doppler Techniques 222

17.4 Adaptation of Receiver and Instrument Parameters 224

17.5 Examination Procedure 227

18 Parenchymal Anatomy / U. Bogdahn, J. Winkler, S. Schwab, H. Adolf 232

18.1 Axial Sections Through Mesencephalic Structures at the Level of the Cerebral Peduncles 233

18.2 Axial Sections Through the Pontine Brainstem 238

18.3 Axial Sections Through Diencephalic Structures at the Level of the Thalamus

Third Ventricle 240

18.4 Axial Sections Through the Cella Media 250

18.5 Coronal Planes 250

19 Vascular Anatomy and Flow Velocities / B. Griewing, G. Becker 251

19.1 Anatomical Principles 251

19.2 Examination of the Basilar Arteries 253

19.3 Color Flow Imaging Methods (Color Doppler, Power Doppler, Echo Contrast Agents) 257

19.4 Closing Remarks 258

20 Pathological Findings in the Intracranial Arterial System / M. Kaps 260

20.1 Hemodynamic Effects of Extracranial Obstruction 260

20.2 Intracranial Stenosis 260

20.3 Cerebral Vasospasm Secondary to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 261

20.4 Intracranial Artery Occlusion 262

20.5 Brain Death 264

21 Intracranial Veins / G. Becker, M. Maurer, U. Bogdahn 265

21.2 Features of the Ultrasonic Anatomy of the Venous System 265

21.3 Examination Procedure 266

21.4 Blood Flow Velocities in the Cerebral Venous System

Normal Values 272

21.5 Sonographic Findings in Patients With Venous Thrombosis 273

22 Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) / E. Bartels 276

22.1 Basal Aneurysm 276

22.2 Arteriovenous Malformation 279

22.3 Angioblastoma (Lindau's Tumor) 287

22.4 Cavernous Hemangioma 288

22.5 Arteriovenous Fistula 289

23 Detection of Cerebral Aneurysms by TCCS and Its Clinical Consequences / J. Wardlaw 298

23.2 What Examination Should Be Done and What Do Aneurysms Look Like on TCCS? 298

23.3 Caveats and Pitfalls 300

23.4 Are Aneurysms Truly "Pulsatile"? 301

23.5 Applications of TCCS in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms 302

24 Diagnosis of Acute Stroke / U. Bogdahn, F. Schlachetzki, T. Holscher, L. Rosin 306

24.2 Cerebral Vascular Occlusion 307

24.3 Hemorrhagic Infarction, Massive Cerebral Hemorrhage 311

24.4 Limitations, Future Developments and Perspectives 315

25 Diagnosis of Head Trauma / M. Woydt, G. Becker, A. Krone 317

25.2 Hemorrhage 318

25.3 Midline Displacement 320

25.4 Ventricular Size Measurement 321

26 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Circulation Disorders / M. Maurer, A. Lindner, G. Becker 323

26.2 Diagnostic Procedures 324

26.3 Transcranial Sonography

Ultrasound Anatomy of the Ventricular System 235

26.4 Pathological Findings 327

26.5 Dynamic Ultrasound Studies 328

27 Intracranial Tumors / G. Becker, M. Woydt, M. Maurer, A. Krone 332

27.1 Echomorphology of Cerebral Tumors 332

27.2 Sensitivity of TCS for Detection of Brain Tumors 334

27.3 Differentiation of Tumor Tissue Components

Sensitivity and Specificity of TCS 334

27.4 Pathological Blood Flow

Color Doppler and Color Duplex Sonography Findings 337

27.5 Sonographic Diagnosis of Tumor Recurrence 337

28 Intracranial Tumor Vascularization / U. Bogdahn, T. Frohlich, P.

Jachimczak 342

28.2 Vascularization of Tumor Parenchyma 343

28.3 Correlation Between Intraarterial Digital Subtraction Angiography and Contrast-Enhanced TCCS in Primary CNS Tumors 344

28.4 Correlation Between Histological and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Findings 345

28.5 Discussion of Results 351

29 Pathological Findings in Neuropsychiatric Diseases / G. Becker, T. Becker, D. Berg, E. Hofmann, K. Lange, M. Struck 359

29.1 Imaging of Affective Disorders 359

29.2 Sonographic Identification of the Brainstem Raphe 359

29.3 Anatomic Correlate of the Brainstem Raphe 360

29.4 Findings in the Brainstem Raphe of Psychiatric and Neuropsychiatric Patients 361

29.5 Damage to the Basal Limbic System in Primary and Secondary Depression

A Pathogenetic Hypothesis 364

30 Findings in Extrapyramidal Movement Disorders / G. Becker, D. Berg 369

30.1 Parkinson's Disease 369

30.2 Dystonia 370

31 Transcranial Functional Sonographic Imaging / J. Klingelhofer, D. Sander, I. Wittich 374

31.2 Functional Tests in the PCA Territory 376

31.3 Functional Tests in the MCA Territory 385

31.4 Dynamic Aspects of PCA and MCA Territory Studies 399

31.5 Other Variables That Affect the Blood Flow Velocity Response 401.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0632048565

OCLC:

39399258