The Lillooet language : phonology, morphology, syntax / Jan van Eijk.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Van Eijk, Jan, 1950-

Series:

First nations languages 1206-9531

First Nations languages, 1206-9531

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Lillooet language--Grammar.

Lillooet language.

Grammar.

Physical Description:

xxx, 279 pages : illustrations, maps ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Vancouver : UBC Press, [1997]

Contents:

Part 1 Phonology

1 Phonemes: General Information and Phonetic Data 3

1.1 Retracted versus non-retracted phonemes 3

1.2 Dental, velar, and uvular glides 4

1.3 Laryngeal, velar, and uvular resonants 4

1.4 Dentals, laterals, and palatals 4

1.5 Stress 5

1.6 Questions of word phonology 5

1.7 Distribution of phonemes 6

1.7.1 Distribution of y y' and z z' 7

1.8 Neutralizations 7

1.8.1 The position

z/z' 8

1.8.2 Neutralization between retracted and non-retracted phonemes 8

1.8.3 Unrounded versus rounded consonants 10

1.9 Phonetic data: details and special questions 10

1.9.1 Obstruents 10

1.9.2 Resonants 11

1.9.3 Vowels 11

1.9.4 Vowel-resonant sequences: special cases 12

2 Movement of the Stress 14

2.1 Roots and suffixes 14

2.2 Combinations with enclitics 16

2.3 Combinations with prefixes 17

3 Distribution of Schwa 18

3.1 Cases #REC and #RC 18

3.2 Elision of schwa 19

3.3 Schwa and obstruents 20

3.3.1 Sequences #KEKC and CKEK# 20

3.3.2 Unstressed sequences [characters not reproducible] 21

3.3.3 Schwa and #K K#: concluding remarks 22

3.3.4 Schwa and word-medial clusters 22

3.4 Schwa and resonants 23

3.5 The status of? 24

4 Internal Sandhi 26

4.1 Vowel-consonant alternations and h-epenthesis 26

4.2 Reduction of full root vowels 27

4.3 Elision of stem-final -as 28

4.4 Morphophonemic changes of consonants 28

5 Retracted Phonemes 29

5.1 Retracted roots 29

5.2 Retraction of suffixes 29

5.3 Retraction of the nominalizer s- 30

5.4 Background of retraction 30

6 Structure of Roots 32

6.1 Roots: basic characteristics and main types 32

6.2 Roots CVC 33

6.2.1 Roots CVC: example 34

6.3 Roots CVCC 34

6.4 Roots CCVC 35

6.5 Roots CVCVC 35

6.6 Roots CVCVC 35

6.7 Residual types 35

7 Special Questions 36

7.1 Aphaeresis and syncope 36

7.2 Slow song speech 36

7.3 Rhetorical lengthening 36

7.4 Nursery talk 36

7.5 Treatment of borrowings 37

Part 2 Morphology

8 Introduction to Morphology 41

8.1 Variable words 41

8.1.1 Stem formation: transposition and (in)transitivization 43

8.1.2 Personal affixation: predicates and complements 44

8.1.3 Factualization 45

8.2 Invariable words 46

8.3 Clitics 46

9 The Nominalizer s- 48

10 Stem-Forming Prefixes 50

10.1 Productive stem-forming prefixes 50

10.1.1 The prefix [characters not reproducible] 'to have, to own' 50

10.1.2 The stative prefix s- 50

10.1.3 The resultative combination [characters not reproducible] 51

10.1.4 The prefix [characters not reproducible] 'to try, to want to' 51

10.1.5 The prefix n- 51

10.1.6 The prefix [characters not reproducible] 'co-, fellow' 52

10.1.7 Combinations of prefixes 52

10.2 Unproductive prefixes 53

11 Compounding 54

12 Reduplication 55

12.1 Survey of basic types 55

12.2 Initial reduplication 57

12.3 Final reduplication 58

12.4 Consonant reduplication 60

12.5 Total reduplication: types (4a) to (4c) 61

12.5.1 Total reduplication (4a) to (4c): predictability of subtypes 64

12.5.2 Total reduplication (4a) to (4c): residual types and special cases 65

12.6 Total reduplication: type (4d) 66

13 Interior Glottalization 67

13.1 Cases [characters not reproducible] 67

13.1.1 Vowel-change 68

13.1.2 Cases [characters not reproducible] 68

13.1.3 Interior glottalization and consonant reduplication 69

13.2 Cases C[characters not reproducible]VC 70

14 Aspectual Suffixes 71

14.1 The suffix -p 71

14.2 The suffix -[characters not reproducible] 72

14.3 The suffix -t 72

14.4 The combination [characters not reproducible] 73

14.5 Conditioned suffixes 73

15 Lexical Suffixes 74

15.1 Lexical suffixes: combinations 74

15.1.1 Combinations of lexical suffixes with each other 74

15.1.2 Lexical suffixes and the prefix n- 75

15.2 Primary lexical suffixes 76

15.3 Connectives 98

15.4 Residual suffixes 98

16 Abstract Suffixes 102

17 Reflexive and Reciprocal Suffixes 105

17.1 Reflexive suffixes 105

17.2 Reciprocal suffixes 106

18 Intransitivizers and Transitivizers 107

18.1 Plain stems 108

18.1.1 Intransitivizers 108

18.1.2 Transitivizers (Ia), (Ib), (IIa), and (IIb) 109

18.1.3 Functions of transitivizers (Ia), (Ib), (IIa), and (IIb) 110

18.1.4 Transitivizers (IIc) to (IIe) 113

18.1.5 Distribution of intransitivizers and transitivizers 117

18.1.6 Distribution of (in)transitivizers: special cases 118

18.2 Somatic suffixes and (in)transitivizers 118

18.3 Non-somatic suffixes and (in)transitivizers 120

18.4 Nominal stems and (in)transitivizers 122

18.5 Abstract suffixes and (in)transitivizers 123

18.6 The reflexive suffix -cut 123

18.7 Reflexive and reciprocal suffixes: detransitivization and retransitivization 125

18.8 Stative and resultative forms 125

18.9 Summary of (in)transitivizers 126

19 Numerals and Numerical Substitutes 129

19.1 Cardinals and numerical substitutes 129

19.1.1 Formation 130

19.1.2 Prefixation, reduplication, and alternative forms 130

19.1.3 Complex numerals and reduplication 131

19.2 Suffixation 131

19.3 Special questions 131

19.4 Ordinals, numerical adverbs, and numerical-distributive adverbs 132

19.4.1 Ordinals 132

19.4.2 Numerical adverbs 132

19.4.3 Numerical-distributive adverbs 133

20 Verbal Substitutes 134

20.1 Interrogative verbs 134

20.2 Relator-verbs 135

21 Summary of Stem Formation 134

21.1 Formal operations 137

21.2 Aspect 139

21.3 Control 140

21.4 Transposition 140

22 Personal Affixation 142

22.1 Survey of affixes 143

22.2 The possessive paradigm 145

22.3 Simple intransitive and transitive paradigms 146

22.3.1 The simple intransitive declarative paradigm 146

22.3.2 The simple transitive declarative paradigm 147

22.3.3 Special cases with transitivizers of type I 149

22.3.4 The simple passive paradigm 150

22.3.5 The simple imperative (intransitive and transitive) paradigm 151

22.4 Complex forms 152

22.4.1 Complex declarative intransitive forms 152

22.4.2 Complex declarative transitive forms 154

22.4.3 The complex passive paradigm 155

22.4.4 Complex imperative forms 156

22.5 Special questions 156

22.5.1 Imperatives 1P 157

22.5.2 Imperative stems 157

22.5.3 Expression of 1P transitive subject 157

22.5.4 [characters not reproducible] suffixes after obstruents 157

22.5.5 Reflexive and reciprocal forms 158

22.6 Object- and subject-centred forms 158

22.7 Indirect object-centred forms (nominalized transitives) 159

22.8 Summary of complements, nominal forms, and factual forms 160

23 Invariable Words: General Remarks 161

24 Personal Pronouns and Related Substitutes 162

24.1 Personal pronouns 162

24.1.1 Use of personal pronouns 163

24.1.2 Personal pronouns and predicates with a possessive marker 164

24.2 Interrogative and indefinite pronouns 165

24.3 Evasive pronouns 165

24.4 Possessive substitutes 167

24.5 The anticipatory pronoun [characters not reproducible] 167

24.6 Remaining non-local substitutes 167

25 Demonstrative Pronouns 168

25.1 Demonstrative pronouns: basic information 168

25.1.1 Semantics and examples 169

25.2 Suffixation with -wna/-na 170

25.3 Special forms after prepositions 170

26 Demonstrative Adverbs 171

26.1 Local decitics 171

26.1.1 Semantics and use 172

26.1.2 Affixation 173

26.1.3 Special questions 174

26.1.4 Interrogative and indefinite local deictics 175

26.1.5 Morphosyntactic comments on local deictics 175

26.1.6 Local non-deictics 176

26.2 Temporal deictics 176

26.2.1 Temporal non-deictics 176

27 Proper Nouns 178

27.1 Make-up of proper nouns 178

27.2 Use of proper nouns 179

27.3 Generic pet-names 179

28 Full-Word

Conjunctions and Adverbs (Particles) 180

28.1 Conjunctions 180

28.1.1 The conjunction [characters not reproducible] 'but' 180

28.1.2 The conjunction [characters not reproducible] 'but' 181

28.1.3 The conjunction [characters not reproducible] 'until' 181

28.1.4 The conjunction [characters not reproducible] 'and' 182

28.1.5 The conjunction wi 'and' 182

28.2 Adverbs 182

28.2.1 The adverb [characters not reproducible] 'again' 182

28.2.2 The adverb [characters not reproducible] 'unfulfilled' 182

28.2.3 The adverb nuk[superscript w]un' 'again' 183

28.2.4 The adverb [characters not reproducible] '(not) a bit' 183

28.2.5 The adverb [characters not reproducible]'it 'also, too' 183

28.2.6 The adverb [characters not reproducible] 'for a while, once more, again' 184

28.2.7 The adverb zam' 'after all, as things are now, as things turned out to be' 184

28.2.8 The adverb [characters not reproducible] 'next, this time, and then' 185

29 Sentence-Equivalents 186

29.1 List of sentence-equivalents 186

29.2 Variable words as sentence-equivalents 188

30 Greetings, Exclamations, and Interjections 189

30.1 Greetings and related expressions 189

30.2 Exclamations and interjections 191

31 Articles 192

31.1 Formal aspects 192

31.2 Semantics of the articles: general information 193

31.3 The category 'known': 'present' versus 'absent' 193

31.3.1 The category 'known': use of [characters not reproducible] 194

31.4 The category 'unknown' 195

31.5 The articles [characters not reproducible] 196

31.6 Special questions 197

31.6.1 Merging of [characters not reproducible] 197

31.6.2 Complex complements 197

32 Enclitics 199

32.1 Individual enclitics 199

32.1.1 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'adhortative' 199

32.1.2 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'definite past' 200

32.1.3 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'evidential' 200

32.1.4 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'well, but, so' 200

32.1.5 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'demarcation of time' 201

32.1.6 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'obligation, expectancy' 201

32.1.7 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'remote future, possibility' 201

32.1.8 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'possibility, surmise' 202

32.1.9 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'quotative' 202

32.1.10 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'after all, it turned out to be' 202

32.1.11 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'presupposed knowledge' 203

32.1.12 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'interrogative' 204

32.1.13 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'antithesis' 204

32.1.14 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'emphasis' 205

32.1.15 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'emphasis' 206

32.1.16 Position of enclitics 206

32.2 The enclitic [characters not reproducible] 'reinforcement' 206

32.3 Combinations of enclitics 207

32.3.1 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 207

32.3.2 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 208

32.3.3 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 208

32.3.4 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 208

32.3.5 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 208

32.3.6 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 209

32.3.7 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 209

32.3.8 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 209

32.3.9 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 210

32.3.10 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 210

32.3.11 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 210

32.3.12 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 210

32.3.13 Combinations with [characters not reproducible] 211

32.4 Combinations of enclitics: special cases 211

32.4.1 Double occurrences of [characters not reproducible] 211

32.4.2 Combinations of enclitics with demonstrative pronouns 212

32.5 Enclitics after indicative and subjunctive forms 213

32.5.1 Neutralization of subjunctive and indicative paradigms 215

33 Proclitic Conjunctions 217

33.1 The conjunction [characters not reproducible] 'before' 217

33.2 The conjunction [characters not reproducible] 'attribute-connector' 217

34 Prepositions 219

34.1 Primary prepositions 219

34.2 Secondary prepositions 221

Part 3 Syntax

35 Introduction to Syntax 225

36 Mono-Clausal Sentences 226

36.1 Word order: general information 226

36.1.1 Word order: subject and object complements 226

36.1.2 Word order: adverbial elements 230

36.1.3 Word order: auxiliaries 230

36.2 Auxiliaries: types and use 230

37 Multi-Clausal Sentences 233

37.1 k[superscript w]-constructions 233

37.2 s-constructions 234

37.3 t-constructions 234

37.4 Subjunctive (c) constructions 234

37.4.1 [characters not reproducible]-constructions 234

37.4.2 [characters not reproducible]-constructions 235

38 Syntax: Special Questions 237

38.1 The use of the passive 237

38.2 The structure of complex complements 238

38.3 Possessive complements 239

38.4 Single expression of the plural 240

38.5 Focusing elements 241

39 A Lillooet Text 245

39.1 Text: 'Mahyeqs and the Mouse' 245

40 Comparison of Lillooet Orthographies 251.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0774806257 :

OCLC:

60158483