Airborne pulsed doppler radar / Guy Morris, Linda Harkness, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Morris, G. V. (Guy V.), 1935-

Harkness, L. (Linda), 1956-

Series:

Artech House radar library

The Artech House radar library

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Doppler radar.

Pulse compression radar.

Radar in aeronautics.

Physical Description:

xv, 510 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Boston : Artech House, [1996]

Summary:

This second edition of Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar brings you up-to-date on new radar technologies since 1987 -- plus those likely to appear in the next five years. The book provides valuable insight into specific issues unique to airborne systems and contains the most extensive treatment of the medium-PRF waveform for more accurate performance analysis. Complete with nearly 250 illustrations and 290 equations, the book provides the background you need to:

- Plan and predict the outcome of test programs

- Evaluate proposals for new radar systems or upgrades

- Analyze the performance of airborne radars in various scenarios

- Understand the capabilities and limitations of airborne systems

This book is a valuable reference for radar engineers, missile-seeker system engineers, and users of military airborne radar. It keeps you current on the fundamental principles and system design rationale for establishing radar characteristics, signal processing for target detection performance, and signal processing for tracking and system testing.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Principles of Pulse-Doppler Radar 1

1.1 Types of Doppler Radar 1

1.2 Definitions 5

1.2.1 Doppler Shift 5

1.2.2 Translation to Zero Intermediate Frequency 6

1.2.3 Doppler Ambiguities and Blind Speeds in Pulsed Radard 7

1.2.4 Range Ambiguities and Blind Ranges in Pulsed Radars 9

1.2.5 Fast Fourier Transform 10

1.2.6 Coherence 10

1.3 Spectra and Waveforms of Stationary CW Radar 14

1.4 Waveforms and Spectra of Stationary High-PRF Radar 14

1.5 Spectra and Waveforms of Stationary Low-PRF Radar 18

1.6 Spectra and Waveforms of Stationary Medium-PRF Radar 20

Chapter 2 Effects of Platform Motion on Clutter 23

2.1 CW Radar Clutter Spectrum 25

2.2 High-PRF Radar Clutter Spectrum 28

2.3 Low-PRF Radar Clutter Spectrum 31

2.4 Medium-PRF Radar Clutter Spectrum 34

2.5 Calculation of Clutter Power 36

Chapter 3 Spectral Characteristics of a Pulsed Waveform 41

3.1 Continuous-Wave Signal: One Time Scale 43

3.2 Single Pulse of a Carrier: Two Time Scales 43

3.3 Infinite Pulse Train: Three Time Scales 43

3.4 Finite Pulse Train: Four Time Scales 43

3.5 Coherent Detection of a Pulsed Waveform 48

3.5.1 Single-Channel Detection 52

3.5.2 I/Q Detection 55

Chapter 4 Low-PRF Mode 63

4.1 Antenna Scan Patterns 64

4.2 Displays 66

4.3 Range Profile 69

4.4 Clutter Spectra 69

4.5 Low-PRF Doppler Mode 72

4.6 Noncoherent Modes 77

4.6.1 Ground Map 78

4.6.2 Terrain Avoidance 78

4.6.3 Air-to-Air Ranging 78

4.6.4 Air-to-Ground Ranging 79

4.6.5 Terrain Following 81

Chapter 5 High-PRF Mode 83

5.1 Waveform Characteristics 84

5.1.1 Establishing the Minimum PRF 86

5.1.2 Reducing the Effects of Eclipsing 87

5.2 Velocity Search Mode 93

5.3 Range-While-Search Mode 95

5.3.1 Range Resolution 97

5.3.2 Range Quantization 98

5.3.3 Effect of Linear FM Ranging on Clutter 98

5.4 Range-Gated High PRF 98

Chapter 6 Medium-PRF Mode 103

6.1 Waveform Characteristics 104

6.1.1 Range Profile 104

6.1.2 Doppler Profile 104

6.1.3 Range Blind Zones 107

6.2 Search Mode 112

6.2.1 PRF Programming 112

6.2.2 Pulse Width Diversity 115

6.2.3 Processing 115

6.2.4 Preventing False Detections of Side-Lobe Clutter 117

6.3 Interleaved Modes 119

Chapter 7 Phased-Array Pulse-Doppler Radar 123

7.2 Electronic Scanning 123

7.2.1 Principles of Implementation 123

7.2.2 Effects on Radar Sensitivity 125

7.2.3 Antenna Side-Lobe Suppression 127

7.3 Software Functional Implementation 129

7.3.1 Radar Resource Management 129

7.3.2 Search 132

7.3.3 Track 134

7.3.4 Function Interleaving and Sensor Fusion 135

7.4 Phased-Array Hardware Implementation 136

7.4.1 Airborne Phased-Array Implementation 136

7.4.2 Examples of Airborne Phased-Array Implementation 137

7.4.3 Motivations for Solid-State Active Array 138

7.4.4 Solid-State Array Technology 139

7.5 Effects on Pulse-Doppler Operation 142

7.5.1 Electronic Beam-Scanning Effects 142

7.5.2 Spatial/Temporal Coherence 144

Chapter 8 Doppler Processing 147

8.1 Moving-Target Indication 148

8.1.1 Pulse Cancelers 149

8.1.2 Matched Filters for Clutter Suppression 152

8.1.3 Blind Speeds and Staggered PRFs 154

8.1.4 MTI Figures of Merit 156

8.1.5 Limitations to MTI Performance 158

8.2 Pulse-Doppler Processing 159

8.2.1 The Discrete Time Fourier Transform of a Moving Target 159

8.2.2 Sampling the DTFT: The Discrete Fourier Transform 162

8.2.3 Matched Filter and Filter Bank Interpretations of Pulse-Doppler Processing With the DFT 166

8.2.4 Fine Doppler Estimation 168

8.3 Additional Doppler Processing Issues 169

8.3.1 Combined MTI and Pulse-Doppler Processing 169

8.3.2 Transient Effects 170

8.4 Overview of Displaced Phase Center Antenna Processing 170

Chapter 9 Pulse Compression in Pulse-Doppler Radar Systems 173

9.2 Frequency Modulation Techniques 179

9.2.1 Linear Frequency Modulation 179

9.2.2 Stretch 183

9.2.3 Frequency Stepping 185

9.3 Phase Modulation Techniques 188

9.3.1 Barker Codes 191

9.3.2 Combined Barker Codes 192

9.3.3 Pseudorandom Codes 195

9.4 Golay Side-Lobe Canceling Codes 197

9.5 Range Side Lobes And Weighting 199

9.5.1 Side-Lobe Suppression for FM Waveforms 199

9.5.2 Side-Lobe Suppression for Phase-Modulated Waveforms 200

9.6 The Radar Ambiguity Function 201

Chapter 10 Synthetic-Aperture Processing 215

10.1 The Synthetic-Aperture Concept 217

10.2 Focused Forward-Squinted Strip-Mapping SAR Characteristics 219

10.2.1 Geometry 220

10.2.2 Resolution vs. Aperture Time 221

10.2.3 Point Scatterer Signature 222

10.2.4 Frequency Domain Interpretation of Linear FM

Deramp SAR Data 224

10.2.5 Doppler Bandwidth 225

10.2.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Pulse Repetition Frequency 227

10.3 Other Synthetic-Aperture Modes 229

10.3.1 Doppler Beam Sharpening and Unfocused SAR 229

10.3.2 Spotlight SAR 230

10.4 Implementation of Focused SAR 232

10.4.1 SAR Matched Filtering 232

10.4.2 Basic Processing Algorithms 234

10.4.3 Direct Implementation of Matched-Filter SAR Processing 238

10.4.4 Fast Correlation Cross-Range Compression 240

10.4.5 Cross-Range Compression by Deramp and Spectral Analysis 241

10.4.6 Depth of Focus 242

10.4.7 Polar Format Processing for Spotlight SAR 242

10.5 Interferometric Three-Dimensional SAR 243

10.6 Other Aspects of SAR Operation 246

10.6.1 Phase Errors and Motion Compensation 246

10.6.2 Clutter Locking and Autofocus 251

10.6.3 Speckle Reduction 251

Chapter 11 Medium-PRF Detectability and Range Resolving 257

11.1 Range-Doppler Blind Zones 258

11.2 Effects of the Number of Clear PRFs 260

11.3 The Effect of the Duty Cycle 261

11.4 Pulse Compression 264

11.5 Range Resolving 264

Chapter 12 Selection of the Medium PRFs 273

12.1 Major-Minor PRF Selection Method 273

12.1.1 Selection of the First Major PRF 274

12.1.2 Selection of the First Set of Minor PRFs 275

12.1.3 Selection of the Second Major PRF Set 275

12.1.4 Selection of the Third Major PRF Set 276

12.2 M:N PRF Selection Method 277

12.3 Other PRF Selection and Ambiguity Resolution Methods 279

12.4 Blind Zone Charts 279

12.5 Comparison of M:N With Major-Minor 281

12.6 Dwell Time Allocation 281

Chapter 13 Tracking Techniques 285

13.1 Fundamentals of Angle Tracking 286

13.1.1 Amplitude Comparison 286

13.1.2 Phase Comparison 286

13.1.3 Monopulse 289

13.1.4 Clutter and Multipath Interference 292

13.2 Fundamentals of Range Tracking 294

13.3 Doppler Tracking 294

13.3.1 CW Radar 298

13.3.2 High-PRF Pulse Doppler 303

13.4 Range-Gated Pulse Doppler 304

13.4.1 Velocity Ambiguities 306

13.5 Demodulation of Angle Errors 307

13.5.1 Monopulse 307

13.5.2 Conical Scan and Lobe-on-Receive 308

13.6 Clutter Considerations 309

13.6.1 High-PRF Radar 309

13.6.2 Medium- and Low-PRF Radar 311

13.6.3 Control of Doppler Blind Zones 314

13.6.4 Control of Range Blind Zones in Medium-PRF 314

13.7 Kalman and [alpha]-[beta] Trackers 315

13.7.1 [alpha]-[beta] Tracker 316

13.7.2 Extension to Kalman Filter Notation 317

13.8 Compensation for Own-Vehicle Motion 319

Chapter 14 Target Detection by Airborne Radars 323

14.1 Mechanization of Target Detection 323

14.1.1 Operational Considerations 323

14.1.2 Implementation of Detection Processing 326

14.2 Noise-Limited Target Detection 329

14.2.1 Single-Pulse Detection 329

14.2.2 Matched Filtering 335

14.2.3 Extension to Pulse-Doppler Radar Detection 336

14.3 The Pulse-Doppler Radar Range Equation 339

14.3.1 Target Parameters 341

14.3.2 Power Gain 341

14.3.3 System Loss Factor 342

14.3.4 System Noise Temperature 346

14.3.5 Application of the Radar Range Equation 347

14.4 Implementation of System

Detection Requirements 353

Chapter 15 Effects of Clutter on Detection Performance 355

15.2 Clutter Doppler Spectrum 356

15.3 Calculation of Clutter Power 362

15.4 Clutter Models 365

15.4.1 Overview of Clutter Characteristics 365

15.4.2 Sea Clutter Model 366

15.4.3 Land Clutter Model 366

15.5 Performance Degradation Due to Transmitter Stability 367

15.5.1 Clutter Sideband Masking 367

15.5.2 Sources of Spurious Components 368

15.5.3 Estimation of Subclutter Visibility 372

15.6 Clutter-Limited Detection 374

Chapter 16 Target Fluctuation Effects 377

16.1 Complex Target RCS 377

16.2 Fluctuation Models 379

16.2.1 Fluctuation PDFs 379

16.2.2 Extension to Pulse-Doppler Radar 382

16.2.3 Engine Modulation 382

16.3 Detection Performance Against Fluctuating Targets 384

16.3.1 Noncoherently Integrated Returns 384

16.3.2 Fluctuation Loss 387

16.4 Cumulative Detection Performance 388

16.5 Composite Detection Assessment 393

Chapter 17 Automatic Detection 399

17.1 Automatic Detection 399

17.1.1 Automatic Detection Requirements 399

17.1.2 Automatic Detection Implementation 400

17.1.3 M:N Processing 404

17.2 Cell-Averaging CFAR 406

17.3 Ordered-Statistic CFAR Processing 409

17.4 Other CFAR Techniques 413

17.4.1 Distribution-Free CFAR 415

17.4.2 Statistically Adaptive CFAR Processing 415

Chapter 18 Fundamentals of Electronic Counter-Countermeasures 419

18.1 Trends in Electronic Protection 420

18.2 Fundamentals of Radar Vulnerability 421

18.2.1 Terminology 422

18.2.2 Overview of ECM Techniques 423

18.2.3 Generic Radar Description 429

18.2.4 Objectives and Effects of Electronic Countermeasures 432

18.3 Analyzing the Effects of Electronic Countermeasures 435

18.3.1 Single-Pulse Jamming-to-Signal Ratio 435

18.3.2 Effect of Radar Signal Processing 437

18.4 Generic and Robust ECCM Techniques 438

18.4.1 Physical Basis for Robust ECCM Techniques 438

18.4.2 Generic ECCM Techniques 440

18.5 Descriptions of Significant ECCM Techniques 441

18.5.1 Acceleration Limiting 441

18.5.2 Adaptive Receive Polarization 442

18.5.3 Angle Extent Estimator 443

18.5.4 Bandwidth Expansion 443

18.5.5 Beat Frequency Detector 446

18.5.6 Censored (Ordered-Statistic) CFAR 446

18.5.7 Cross-Polarization Cancellation 448

18.5.8 Doppler-Range Rate Comparison 449

18.5.9 Frequency Agility 449

18.5.10 Home-on-Jam 450

18.5.11 Leading/Trailing Edge Track 450

18.5.12 Narrowband Doppler Noise Detector 451

18.5.13 Narrow Pulse/Pulse Compression 451

18.5.14 Neural Net 452

18.5.15 Off-Boresight Tracking 452

18.5.16 PRF Jitter 452

18.5.17 Side-Lobe Blanking 453

18.5.18 Side-Lobe Canceler 454

18.5.19 Sniff 455

18.5.20 Space Time Adaptive Processing 457

18.5.21 Superresolution 461

18.5.22 Velocity Guard Gates 461

18.5.23 VGPO Reset 463

18.5.24 VGS ECCM

Dual Frequency 463

Appendix A Clutter Map Computer Program 465

Appendix B Range-Doppler Blind Zone Map Computer Program 475

Appendix C Sea Clutter Model 479

Appendix D ECM Descriptions 483

D.1 Barrage Noise 483

D.2 Blinking Spot Noise 483

D.3 Blinking Cooperative Doppler Noise 484

D.4 Cover Pulse 484

D.5 Cross-Polarization Jamming 484

D.6 Gate Stealer/Terrain Bounce 485

D.7 Multiple False Doppler Targets 485

D.8 Narrow Band Doppler Noise 485

D.9 Range Gate Pull-Off 485

D.10 Terrain Bounce 486

D.11 Towed Decoy 486

D.12 Velocity Gate Pull-Off 486.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0890068674

OCLC:

35360857