Visual science and engineering : models and applications / edited by D.H. Kelly.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Kelly, D. H. (Donald H.), 1923-

Series:

Optical engineering (Marcel Dekker, Inc.) ; v. 43.

Optical engineering ; 43

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Vision.

Computer vision.

Visual perception.

Optics.

Vision, Ocular--physiology.

Biomedical Engineering.

Models, Theoretical.

Medical Subjects:

Vision, Ocular--physiology.

Optics.

Biomedical Engineering.

Models, Theoretical.

Physical Description:

xviii, 423 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York : M. Dekker, [1994]

Summary:

This unique volume examines a broad spectrum of the latest topics in visual science -- relating basic studies to practical applications and delineating points of intersection among the various disciplines that study the mechanisms of vision. Offering the authoritative contributions of international experts, Visual Science and Engineering contains valuable editorial background notes in each chapter that clarify the presentation and enhance the book's fluid style ... discusses the Purkinje-image eyetracker ... elucidates the principles of high-definition television ... covers the role of stabilized-image technology in revealing how eye movements control both luminous and chromatic perceptions ... explores the multiplexing processes in the visual system that create interactions among the three basic dimensions of vision ... explains the molecular genetics of cone pigments ... treats portable, device-independent color reproduction in both rotogravure and desktop publication ... gives insight into future developments in sophisticated coding for real-time displays based on a deeper understanding of visual processes ... and more. Generously referenced and illustrated, Visual Science and Engineering is an invaluable resource for optical engineers and physicists, imaging scientists, psychologists, physiologists, and graduate-level students in these disciplines.

Contents:

1. Optics in Vision / Gerald Westheimer 3

II. The Schematic Eye 4

III. The Lens 6

IV. The Pupil 7

V. Imaging 8

VI. Linear and Nonlinear Systems 11

2. The Purkinje Image Eyetracker, Image Stabilization, and Related Forms of Stimulus Manipulation / Hewitt D. Crane 15

II. Dual Purkinje Image Principle 18

A. Formation of the Purkinje Images 18

B. Movement of the Purkinje Images 20

III. Two-Dimensional Eyetracker 22

A. First Usable Instrument (Generation II) 22

B. First Production Instrument (Generation III) 28

C. Major Improvements in Ease of Use (Generation IV) 36

D. Final SRI Design (Generation V) 38

E. Improvements by Fourward Technologies (Generation V.5) 47

IV. Two- and Three-Dimensional Stimulus Deflector 48

A. Evolution of the Three-Dimensional Stimulus Deflector 48

B. Performance 55

V. Image Stabilization 56

A. Adjusting the Gains 57

B. Selective Stabilization 58

VI. Scotoma Simulator 60

A. Scotoma Systems 61

B. Final Design 66

Appendix 1 Optometer 69

Optometer Principles 69

Optometer Range 72

Appendix 2 Three-Dimensional Eyetracker 73

Optometer Input Path 74

Optometer Output Path 76

Optical Isolation Between the Two Instruments 77

Electronic Isolation of the Instruments 77

Appendix 3 ERI Laser Photocoagulator 77

Input Illumination 78

Binocular Viewing System 78

Input Laser Source 80

Appendix 4 Fundus Illumination and Monitoring Instrument (FIMI) 80

Relay Lens Pair 82

Single-Axis Mirrors in Series 83

Merging the Eyetracker, Stabilizer, and Coagulator 84

Stabilized Input and Output 86

Appendix 5 Stabilized Laser Doppler Blood Flow Measurement 86

Appendix 6 Patents 88

3. Eye Movements and Contrast Sensitivity / D. H. Kelly 93

I. Eye Movements as Artifacts 94

II. The Disappearance of Sine-Wave Gratings 95

III. Synthetic Eye Movement Effects 97

IV. Spatiotemporal Contrast Sensitivity 99

V. Modeling Contrast Sensitivity Surfaces 103

VI. Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity 106

VII. Disappearance of Chromatic Gratings 110

4. Chromatic-Achromatic Multiplexing in Human Color Vision / Eugenio Martinez-Uriegas 117

II. Distinction Between Chromatic and Achromatic Phenomena 118

III. Channel Independence in Zone Theory 119

IV. Color Summation and Color Opponency: Simple Sensor Fundamentals 121

A. Spatial Frequency 123

B. Orientation 123

V. Model of Spatiotemporal Chromatic-Achromatic Multiplexing 127

VI. Simulation of Chromatic and Achromatic Specificity of Cortical Cells 130

A. Three Stages of the Simulation 130

VII. Multiplexing and Current Spatial Models 141

VIII. Relationships with Psychophysics 147

A. Chromatic-Temporal Interactions 148

B. Chromatic and Achromatic Spatiotemporal Threshold Surfaces 148

C. Luminous Efficiency and Unique Yellow Location 150

D. Multiplexing Applied to Chromatic Boundaries: Stereopsis 151

E. Minimum Grating Measurements 160

F. Chromatic and Achromatic Afterimages 165

IX. Generalization of Multiplexing 171

X. Application of Multiplexing to Compression of Digital Color Images 174

5. Time, Color, and Phase / William H. Swanson 191

II. Sensitivity to Chromatic Flicker 193

III. Residual Brightness Responses to Heterochromatic Flicker 195

IV. Phase Shifts Between Cone Inputs 197

V. Modeling PC and MC Mechanisms in Terms of Cone Responses 200

VI. Example: Incorporation of Cone Responses into a Model for the PC Mechanism 203

VII. Modeling Phase Shifts in the PC and MC Mechanisms 205

VIII. Physiological Correlates of Psychophysical PC and MC Mechanisms 208

IX. On Beyond Flicker: Heterochromatic Impulse Responses 212

6. The Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision: From Nucleotides to Nanometers / Thomas P. Piantanida 229

A. Trichromatic Vision 229

B. Molecular Genetics 230

C. Color Vision Biochemistry 232

II. Molecular Biology of Color Vision 233

A. Rhodopsin 233

B. The S Pigment Opsin 233

C. The L and M Pigment Genes 235

III. Color Vision Polymorphism 237

A. "Normal" Human Color Vision 237

B. "Normal" Color Vision in Other Primates 237

C. Psychophysical Evidence in Humans 237

D. Molecular Genetic Evidence in Humans 239

IV. Color-Defective Vision 242

A. Red/Green Color Vision Defects 242

B. Yellow/Blue and Achromatic Color-Defective Vision 248

C. Tritanopia 249

7. Circular Targets and How They Grew / D. H. Kelly 269

I. An Engineering Approach 270

II. Bessel Functions 270

III. Sine-Wave Versus J[subscript 0] Data 271

IV. One-Dimensional Versus Two-Dimensional Transforms 272

V. Orientation Selectivity 274

VI. Retinal Inhomogeneity 276

VII. Sine-Wave Patches 277

VIII. Annular Sinusoidal Targets 278

IX. The Inhomogeneous Spread Function Model 278

X. Circular FM Targets 280

XI. Canonical Contrast Sensitivity Functions 282

XII. Motion in Depth 284

XIII. Spatiochromatic Interactions 286

XIV. Opponent-Color Receptive Fields 287

8. Topographical Mapping in Primate Visual Cortex: History, Anatomy, and Computation / Eric L. Schwartz 293

II. History of Topographic Mapping 294

A. Preclassical Period 294

B. Classical Period 295

C. Middle Period 298

D. Modern Period 302

III. Mathematical Modeling of V-1 Spatial Architecture 305

A. One-Dimensional Models 305

B. Two-Parameter Fit to the Cortical Map Function: The Complex Logarithm 306

C. Application of Conformal Mapping to Cortical Topography 313

IV. Application to Visual Cortex: Computer Simulation Via Texture Mapping 316

A. Numerical Conformal Mapping of 2DG Computer-Flattened Cortex 316

B. Corrections to the Archival Literature on Cortical Topography 329

C. Higher Dimensional Models 331

V. Psychophysical-Anatomical Homology 335

VI. Machine Vision 339

A. Vertical-Horizontal Pyramids 339

B. Computational Function and Cortical Architecture 341

9. Color Science and the Graphic Arts / William F. Schreiber 363

II. Deficiencies of Conventional Processes 367

III. A Better Way 369

IV. Implications of the Four Assumptions 370

A. The Scanner 371

B. The Display 372

C. The Printer 373

D. Editorial Corrections 373

E. Nonprintable Colors 374

F. The Black Printer 375

VI. The Providence Project 376

VII. Electronics for Imaging 377

10. Real-Time Display Systems, Present and Future / William E. Glenn 387

II. Field of View, Sharpness, and Resolution 390

III. Display Aspect Ratio 394

IV. Number of Pixels Required for a Given Sharpness 395

V. Scanning Process and Line Flicker 399

VI. Matrix Displays 402

VII. Area Flicker 404

VIII. Color 406

IX. Contrast Ratio 407.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0824791851

OCLC:

29668373