Spanish phonology and morphology : a generative view / William W. Cressey.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Cressey, William W.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Spanish language--Phonology.

Spanish language.

Spanish language--Grammar, Generative.

Physical Description:

xv, 169 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm

Place of Publication:

Washington : Georgetown University Press, [1978]

Contents:

0.1 Preliminary questions concerning the research program 1

0.1.1 The object of analysis 1

0.1.2 Research procedures and evidence 3

0.1.3 Theoretical basis for the analysis 4

0.2 Assumptions concerning the nature of language 5

0.2.1 Rule-governed creativity 5

0.2.2 Infinite use of finite means 5

0.3 The goals of linguistic research 6

0.3.1 Analysis of particular languages 6

0.3.2 Analysis of the phenomenon of language in general 6

0.4 Evaluation of linguistic analyses 7

0.4.1 Observational adequacy 7

0.4.2 Descriptive adequacy 7

0.4.3 Explanatory adequacy 7

0.5 The organization of a generative grammar 8

1 Distinctive Feature Classification of the Sounds of Spanish 11

1.1 Phonetic description in a generative grammar 11

1.1.1 Systematic phonetic representations 11

1.1.2 Distinctive features as the basic units of phonetic description 13

1.1.3 Narrow versus broad phonetic representations 15

1.2 The set of distinctive features used in this study and their application to Spanish 16

1.2.1 The major classes 17

1.2.1.1 Features which define the major classes 17

1.2.1.1.1 Syllabic [syl] 17

1.2.1.1.2 Consonantal [cns] 18

1.2.1.1.3 Sonorant [son] 18

1.2.1.1.3.1 Definition of spontaneous voicing 18

1.2.1.2 Application of the major class features to Spanish 19

1.2.2 The classification of vowels 19

1.2.2.1 The neutral position 20

1.2.2.2 Features which define departures from the neutral position 20

1.2.2.2.1 High [high] 20

1.2.2.2.2 Low [low] 20

1.2.2.2.3 Back [back] 21

1.2.2.2.4 Round [rnd] 21

1.2.2.3 Vowel variants 21

1.2.2.3.1 Lowered mid and high vowels 22

1.2.2.3.2 Palatalized and velarized low vowels 24

1.2.2.3.3 Relaxed vowels 25

1.2.3 The classification of glides 26

1.2.3.1 On-glides versus off-glides 26

1.2.3.2 Nonhigh glides 27

1.2.4 The classification of obstruents 28

1.2.4.1 Point of articulation 28

1.2.4.1.1 The vowel features as applied to consonants 28

1.2.4.1.2 Additional features for point of articulation 29

1.2.4.1.2.1 Anterior [ant] 29

1.2.4.1.2.2 Coronal [cor] 30

1.2.4.1.2.3 Dental [den] 30

1.2.4.1.3 Dental versus interdental sounds 32

1.2.4.1.4 The points of articulation as classified by the features 33

1.2.4.2 Manner of articulation 33

1.2.4.2.1 Features which define manner of articulation 33

1.2.4.2.1.1 Occlusive [ocl] 34

1.2.4.2.1.2 Instantaneous release [ins] 34

1.2.4.2.1.3 Tense [tns] 34

1.2.4.2.1.4 Voiced [+ voi] 35

1.2.4.2.2 A note on stridency 36

1.2.5 The classification of sonorant consonants 37

1.2.5.1 Additional features which define manner of articulation among sonorant consonants 37

1.2.5.1.1 Nasal [nas] 37

1.2.5.1.2 Lateral [lat] 38

1.2.5.2 Application of previously defined features to the sonorant consonants 38

1.2.5.2.1 Elimination of interdentals 38

1.2.5.2.2 Palato-alveolar versus palatal 39

1.2.5.2.3 The feature [occlusive] as applied to sonorant consonants 39

1.3 Matrix of sounds of Spanish as classified by features at the broad phonetic level 39

2 Principles of Phonological Analysis 43

2.1 Central questions of phonological research 43

2.2 The phoneme 44

2.3 Systematic phonemic representations 45

2.4 The format of a phonological rule 47

2.5 Abbreviatory devices 49

2.6 The order of application of phonological rules 50

2.7 Evaluation and comparison of phonemic analyses 51

2.7.1 The simplicity metric 53

2.7.2 Application of the simplicity metric to Analyses (1), (2) and (3) 54

2.8 The subcomponents of a generative phonology 55

2.9 A variable theory of the abstractness of lexical representations 56

3 The Systematic Phonemes of Spanish 58

3.0.1 Variation 59

3.1 Nasal and lateral assimilation 61

3.1.1 Nasal assimilation 61

3.1.1.1 Nasal assimilation and the taxonomic phonemic level 62

3.1.1.2 The need for a formal equivalent of the term 'homorganic' 63

3.1.2 Lateral assimilation 65

3.1.2.1 Evidence in favor of the definition of the feature [occlusive] presented in Section 1.2.4.2.1.1 65

3.1.3 Formulation of a combined assimilation rule for nasals and laterals 66

3.1.3.1 An extension of the linking use of Marking Conventions as a constraint on assimilation of laterals 66

3.2 Lax stops and fricatives 67

3.2.1 The use of features rather than segments as the basic unit of analysis 68

3.2.2 The distinctive features of lax obstruents 70

3.2.3 Specifying the environment of the rule: Formal difficulties 72

3.2.3.1 The use of the alpha notation as a formal equivalent for 'except' 72

3.2.3.2 An additional use of the [[alpha] PA] notation 73

3.2.4 Additional support for the definition of the feature [occlusive] given in Section 1.2.4.2.1.1 73

3.3 Obstruent voicing assimilation 74

3.4 Lax vowels 75

3.5 Glides 75

3.5.1 The phonemic representation of glides 76

3.5.1.1 The traditional analysis 76

3.5.1.2 Bowen and Stockwell versus Saporta 76

3.5.1.3 Alarcos and Harris 76

3.5.1.4 Two phonemic representations for Spanish glides 77

3.5.1.4.1 Glide phonemes 77

3.5.1.4.1.1 Harris' argument in favor of glide phonemes 77

3.5.1.4.1.2 The representation of glide phonemes in the lexicon 78

3.5.1.4.2 Phonetic glides derived from vowel phonemes 79

3.5.2 Glide Formation Rules 81

3.5.2.1 An Everywhere Rule 81

3.5.2.2 A Variable Rule 81

3.6 Spirantization of glides 82

4 Word-Level Phonology 84

4.1 Linguistic units and boundaries which affect the application of phonological rules 84

4.1.1 The syllable 85

4.1.2 The morpheme 85

4.1.3 The root 85

4.1.4 The word 86

4.2 The problem of abstractness 86

4.2.1 Factors which contribute to abstractness 87

4.2.1.1 Great differences between phonetic representations and proposed underlying forms 87

4.2.1.2 Neutralization 87

4.2.1.3 The use of boundaries in phonological rules 88

4.2.1.4 The use of nonphonetic features in phonological rules 88

4.2.2 Evaluation of abstract analyses 88

4.3 A set of interrelated Word-level Phonology Rules 89

4.3.1 A brief statement of the rules 89

4.3.1.1 Stress Assignment in lexical categories other than verbs 89

4.3.1.2 Velar Softening 89

4.3.1.3 Palatalization 90

4.3.1.4 Final -e Deletion 90

4.3.1.5 Diphthongization 91

4.3.1.6 Lenition 91

4.3.2 Relationships among the rules 91

4.4 The relationship between synchronic and diachronic linguistics 92

4.4.1 Sound changes and rules of phonology 92

4.4.2 The relationship between sound changes and synchronic rules 92

4.4.2.1 From the perspective of the speaker 92

4.4.2.2 From the perspective of the linguist 93

4.5 The concept of independent motivation 94

4.5.1 Independent motivation of a rule 94

4.5.2 Independent motivation of an underlying form 95

4.5.2.1 Plural Formation 95

4.5.2.2 Stress Assignment 96

4.5.2.3 Velar Softening 96

4.6 Stress Assignment and the phenomenon of partial predictability 96

4.6.1 Traditional description of Spanish stress 96

4.6.2 The American structuralist treatment of Spanish stress 97

4.6.3 Generative treatment of Spanish stress 97

4.6.3.1 Stress patterns in surface forms 97

4.6.3.2 Elimination of final stress in underlying forms 97

4.6.3.3 Elimination of stress four syllables from the end of underlying forms 97

4.6.3.4 Penultimate versus antepenultimate stress 98

4.6.3.4.1 Why stress cannot be marked directly in the lexicon 98

4.6.3.4.2 An abstract feature for the analysis of stress 98

4.6.3.4.3 The nature of the feature involved in Stress Assignment 99

4.6.3.4.4 Stress Assignment and Diphthongization 99

4.7 Diphthongization 100

4.7.1 Diphthongization and Glide Formation 101

4.7.2 Diphthongization and Spirantization 101

4.8 Velar Softening, Palatalization, and the basic units of analysis 101

4.8.1 Feature-oriented versus segment-oriented rules 102

4.8.2 Feature-oriented analyses of Velar Softening and Palatalization 102

4.8.3 Motivation for the feature-oriented analyses 103

4.8.4 Segment-oriented analyses of Velar Softening and Palatalization 104

4.8.5 Application of the feature-oriented versus segment-oriented distinction to other Word-level Phonology Rules 105

4.8.6 The formalism of segment-oriented rules 105

5 Everywhere Rules 108

5.1 The theory of markedness 108

5.2 Language-particular Redundancy Rules 109

5.3 The operation of Everywhere Rules 110

5.4 Subclassification of Everywhere Rules 111

5.4.1 Universal versus language-particular rules 111

5.4.2 Relative versus absolute 111

5.4.3 Segment-structure versus sequence-structure 112

5.5 The domain of Everywhere Rules 112

5.6 A set of Everywhere Rules for Spanish 112

5.6.1 Everywhere Rules which apply to consonants 113

5.6.2 Everywhere Rules which apply to all nonconsonantal segments 115

5.6.3 Everywhere Rules which apply to sonorant consonants 118

5.6.4 Additional Everywhere Rules which apply to place and manner of articulation features 120

5.7 Everywhere Rules and the representations of the phonemes of Spanish 123

6 Inflectional Morphology 128

6.1 American structuralist separation of morphology from phonemics 128

6.2 Morphology in generative grammar 129

6.3 Inflectional versus derivational morphology 130

6.4 Morphological rules versus phonological rules 130

6.5 Inflection of nouns and adjectives 131

6.6 Inflection of Spanish verbs 134

6.6.1 Harris' analyses of regular verb forms other than preterite 134

6.6.1.1 The inflectional morphemes of verb forms as generated by the Spellout Rules 134

6.6.1.2 Modifications of the inflectional morphemes 136

6.6.1.2.1 Theme Vowel Deletion 136

6.6.1.2.2 Lowering of i to e 136

6.6.1.2.3 Lenition 136

6.6.1.2.4 Past Raising 137

6.6.1.2.5 The 'imperfect' morpheme 137

6.6.1.2.6 Allomorphs of the vosotros ending 137

6.6.2 The Spanish preterite tense 138

6.6.2.1 The phonetic forms 139

6.6.2.2 William Bull 139

6.6.2.3 Stockwell, Bowen, and Martin 140

6.6.2.4 James Harris 141

6.6.3 Analysis of some irregular verb forms 142

6.6.3.1 Athematic past participles 144

6.6.3.2 Athematic future tense forms 145

6.6.3.3 Athematic preterite forms 146

6.6.3.4 Athematicity of decir and hacer 148

Appendix Description of the Principal Sounds of Spanish in Terms of the IPA Classification System 152.

Notes:

Includes index.

Bibliography: pages 161-164.

ISBN:

0878400451 :

OCLC:

4494323